The challenge of the Petit Le Mans: a case study in driver science
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Medicina dello Sport 2018 December;71(4):627-35
DOI: 10.23736/S0025-7826.18.03387-2
CASE REPORT
The challenge of the Petit Le Mans:
a case study in driver science
La sfida della Petit Le Mans:
uno studio casistico riguardante i piloti
Edward S. POTKANOWICZ *
Human Performance and Sport Science, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH, USA
*Corresponding author: Edward S. Potkanowicz, Human Performance and Sport Science, Ohio Northern University, Ada,
OH, USA. E-mail: e-potkanowicz@onu.edu
SUMMARY
The Petit Le Mans is a 10-hour motorsports endurance race run in both dry and wet conditions. While technology drives
the development of the cars, there has been comparatively little interest in using that technology for the assessment of
the driver-athlete. Also, little published data exists relating to the physiological challenges experienced by the driver-ath-
lete. The purpose of this case study is to present the pre- and post-stint core body temperature, heart rate, and physiologi-
cal strain data from two professional driver-athletes collected during a single stint during the 2016 Petit Le Mans. This
data is being offered here in an effort to add, incrementally, to the growing body of work on the topic of driver science.
Two drivers, for one stint each, were monitored pre- and post-stint for core temperature, heart rate, and physiological
strain. Each driver exhibited an increase in PSI (driver 1 pre/post stint PSI= 0.21/7.76, driver 2 pre/post PSI= 2.16/8.17).
Similarly, the work of racing was evident in core body temperature (Tgi) and heart rate (HR) (driver 1 Tgi pre/post=
37.24/38.78 °C, driver 2 Tgi pre/post= 37.54/38.42 °C; driver 1 HR pre/post =71/166, driver 2 HR pre/post =93/195).
Post-stint HR levels represented 85% and 96% of their respective age-estimated maximal heart rate. These results add to
the slowly growing body of driver science research and support the findings of others who have contributed to the topic.
However, it is abundantly clear that there is much to learn in the area of driver science. While the current investigation
added incrementally to this growing body of work, the most obvious limitation is the lack of suitable micro-technology.
Driver science research would benefit greatly by moving in the direction of using research-grade micro-biometrics
which for the continuous real-time and non-intrusive assessment of the driver-athlete. The lack of adequate technology,
combined with the lack of published literature, offers compelling evidence for the continuation of this work.
(Cite this article as: Potkanowicz ES. The challenge of the Petit Le Mans: a case study in driver science. Med Sport
2018;71:627-35. DOI: 10.23736/S0025-7826.18.03387-2)
Key words: Automobile driving - Microtechnology - Athletes.
RIASSUNTO
La Petit Le Mans è una gara di corsa di categoria endurance, condotta in condizioni sia di asciutto che di bagnato.
Se da un lato la tecnologia promuove l’evoluzione delle auto, poco interesse è stato dedicato finora alla tecnologia,
per favorire le condizioni dei piloti. Inoltre, ci sono pochi dati pubblicati a proposito delle sfide fisiologiche cui i piloti
vanno incontro. Lo scopo di questo studio casistico è riportare, nei periodi pre- e post-test, la temperatura corporea
interna, la frequenza cardiaca e i dati inerenti allo sforzo fisiologico in due piloti professionisti, raccolti in un singolo
lasso di tempo, durante la Petit Le Mans del 2016. Questi dati vengono presentati qui, allo scopo di accrescere le
conoscenze, riguardanti la scienza che studia i piloti. Sono stati monitorati due piloti, entrambi in un singolo periodo,
nel pre- e nel post-test, per quanto riguarda la temperatura corporea interna, la frequenza cardiaca e lo sforzo fisiolo-
gico. Ciascun pilota ha esibito un aumento del PSI (pilota 1, PSI pre-/post-test =0,21/7,76; pilota 2, PSI pre-/post-test
=2,16/8,17). In modo analogo, la gara ha esercitato evidenti effetti sulla temperatura corporea interna (Tgi) e sulla
frequenza cardiaca (HR) (pilota 1, Tgi pre-/post-test =37,24/38,78 °C; pilota 2, Tgi pre/post=37,54/38,42 °C; pilota
1, HR pre-/post-test =71/166; pilota 2 HR pre/post =93/195). I livelli post-test di HR hanno rappresentato l’85% e il
96% della frequenza cardiaca massima stimata per età. Questi risultati si aggiungono al corpus di conoscenze della
scienza che studia i piloti, lentamente in crescita, e conferma le scoperte degli altri studiosi in quest’ambito. Nonostan-
te questo, è evidente che vi è ancora molto da apprendere nell’ambito della scienza sui piloti. Se da un lato questa
ricerca aggiunge conoscenze, è altrettanto ovvio che il limite principale è la mancanza di micro-tecnologie idonee. La
scienza che studia i piloti potrebbe avere dei grandi benefici da parte della ricerca basata sulla micro-biometria e dei
suoi metodi in tempo reale e continuo, non invasivi, per valutare i piloti. La mancanza di tecnologie adeguate, unita
alla carenza di dati pubblicati, è un input per l’approfondimento di questo lavoro.
Parole chiave: Automobilismo - Microtecnologia - Piloti.
Vol. 71 - No. 4 MEDICINA DELLO SPORT 627©
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cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo, or other proprietary information of the Publisher.
This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies (either sporadically
to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is not permitted. It is not permitted to remove,
POTKANOWICZ PETIT LE MANS
T he Petit Le Mans is a ten-hour endurance
race which is held annually as the culminat-
ing event of the International Motor Sports As-
L a Petit Le Mans è una corsa di categoria endu-
rance della durata di 10 ore, che si tiene ogni
anno come evento culminante della stagione della
sociation (IMSA) season. Held at the 2.54 mile, associazione internazionale degli sport motoristi-
12-turn, Road Atlanta race course, the race is ci (International Motor Sports Association [IMSA]).
run in both dry and wet conditions and is chal- Questa corsa, che prevede 2,54 miglia e 12 giri, al
lenging for both car and driver. While technol- circuito Road Atlanta, si tiene sia in condizioni di
ogy drives the continued development of the asciutto che di bagnato ed è impegnativa sia per le
cars, little emphasis is placed on using that auto che per i piloti. Mentre la tecnologia promuo-
technology to assess and quantify the demands ve continuamente l’evoluzione delle auto, viene
endured by the driver-athlete. Commonly, the dato poco rilievo all’uso della stessa per valutare e
physical challenges of motorsports are spoken quantificare gli sforzi sopportati dai piloti. In ge-
of as a consequence of the job. While “some” nere, le prove fisiche dovute agli sport motoristici
progress has been made in understanding the vengono considerati una conseguenza dell’impe-
physiological challenges experienced by the gno. Se da un lato sono stati fatti “alcuni” pro-
driver-athlete, there continues to be a shortfall gressi verso la comprensione delle sfide fisiologiche,
of published scientific work in this area. Look- cui sono sottoposti i piloti, vi è ancora carenza di
ing at the literature, using search terms, syno- lavori scientifici in quest’ambito. Se si guarda alla
nyms and closely-related words like “driver per- letteratura, usando le parole chiavi, sinonime e
formance,” “racecar driver,” and “motorsports strettamente correlate, come “prestazione del pi-
performance,” two general themes emerge: 1) lota”, “pilota di auto da corsa” e “prestazione in
when examined within the relative context of sport motoristici”, emergono due questioni gene-
rali: 1) se si esamina il contesto relativo alla lette-
the published scientific literature investigating
ratura scientifica sugli atleti e le attività sportive,
athletes and athletic pursuits, there is compara-
vi è poco a riguardo dei piloti e ciò che è presente
tively little work examining the topic of driver
si basa sulla stesso numero limitato di riferimenti;
science, and what is published relies on the
2) quando si leggono queste pubblicazioni, appa-
same limited number of references; 2) when re evidente che a causa dei limiti della tecnologia
reading these manuscripts, it becomes obvious attuale, l’intera faccenda sugli sforzi fisici che il
that due to the limitations of the current tech- pilota affronta è tralasciata e spesso limitata a dati
nology, the whole story about the physical chal- pre- e post-test o a dati incompleti.1-9
lenges that the driver-athlete faces is not being Una delle prime pubblicazioni, che esprimeva-
told and is often limited to reporting pre- and no preoccupazione nei confronti della sicurezza
post-stint data or data that is incomplete.1-9 del pilota da corsa, è stata realizzata da Taggart
One of the earliest published instances of con- et al.10 nel 1967. In quest’opera, l’autore discute
cern for a racing driver’s safety was expressed dell’aumento precoce della frequenza cardiaca
by Taggart et al.10 in 1967. In their manuscript, del pilota e di altri incrementi di frequenza car-
the authors speak of anticipatory increases in diaca del partecipante alla gara, nel momento in
the driver’s heart rate and further increases in cui viene dato il segnale di partenza della corsa
the entrant’s heart rates once the signal was giv- entro due minuti. Gli autori hanno riportato dati
en that the race would start in two minutes. The che indicano che le frequenze cardiache conti-
authors’ reported data that showed heart rates nuano ad aumentare quando la partenza si av-
continuing to increase as the start drew nearer, vicina, raggiungendo infine il valore di 205 battiti
ultimately reaching a heart rate of 205 beats per al minuto. In alcuni casi le frequenze cardiache
minute. In some cases, the heart rates remained rimangono elevate per un periodo prolungato di
elevated for an extended period of time even tempo, anche dopo che la corsa è iniziata. Taggart
after the race had begun. Taggart et al.10 sum- et al.10 hanno riassunto le loro scoperte dichiaran-
marized their findings by offering that “even do che “ci possono essere aumenti di frequenza
more rapid heart rates may develop in certain cardiaca anche più rapidi in alcuni piloti, prima
drivers before and during competitive motor- e durante le corse automobilistiche competitive”.
racing.” Since 1967, other scientists have worked Dal 1967 in poi, diversi ricercatori hanno cerca-
to quantify the physiological stress of competi- to di quantificare lo stress fisiologico della guida
tive driving in an effort to understand the con- competitiva, allo scopo di comprendere le conse-
sequences of such an endeavor. For example, in guenze di tale impresa. Per esempio, nel 1987 Ja-
1987 Jareño11 warned of the potential for ther- reño11 mise in guardia dal potenziale dello stress
mal stress after treating two British drivers who termico, dopo aver trattato due piloti britannici
628 MEDICINA DELLO SPORT December 2018©
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cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo, or other proprietary information of the Publisher.
This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies (either sporadically
to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is not permitted. It is not permitted to remove,
PETIT LE MANS POTKANOWICZ
showed signs of heat stroke following the com- che avevano mostrato sintomi da colpo di calore,
pletion of a 360 km endurance race. Upon arriv- dopo aver portato a termine una corsa endurance
ing at the Intensive Care Unit of the circuit, both da 360 km. Al loro arrivo presso l’unità di terapia
of the drivers presented with core body temper- intensiva del circuito, entrambi i piloti presenta-
atures of 41 °C (106 °F). Complicating matters, vano una temperatura corporea interna di 41 °C
as was demonstrated by Wyon et al.12 in 1996, is (106 °F). L’impatto dello stress termico è un fattore
the impact of thermal stress on decision-making. che complica il processo decisionale, come dimo-
The authors reported a statistically significant strato da Wyon et al.12 nel 1996. Gli autori hanno
negative effect of heat stress on driver vigilance, riportato un effetto negativo, statisticamente signi-
reporting response times that were 22% slower ficativo, dello stress da calore sull’attenzione del
at 27 °C than those measured at 21 °C. Jacobs pilota, riportando risposte inferiore del 22% a 27
et al.13 reported on the metabolic challenge that °C, rispetto a quelle misurate a 21 °C. Jacobs et
drivers face when they measured oxygen con- al.13 hanno riscontrato uno stress metabolico da
sumption values in drivers during both oval and parte del pilota, misurando i valori di consumo di
road course trials. The authors reported an aver- ossigeno nei piloti durante prove su circuiti ovali
age road course oxygen consumption value of e di strada. Gli autori hanno rilevato un consumo
38.5 mL/kg/min, which is an approximate 10- medio di ossigeno su percorsi su strada di 38.5 ml/
fold increase from resting energy expenditure. kg/min, che è circa 10 volte di più di quello a ri-
Similarly, oval track testing produced an average poso. In modo analogo, durante i test su circuito
oxygen consumption value of 21.9 mL/kg/min, ovale veniva consumato ossigeno per un valore di
or an approximately 6-fold increase from rest- 21.9 ml/kg/min oppure un aumento di 6 volte ri-
ing energy expenditure. The authors conclude spetto ai livelli a riposo. Gli autori hanno concluso
che bisogna studiare meglio le sfide previste dalla
by saying that more work needs to be done to
cabina di pilotaggio. Uno degli ambiti di ricerca
understand fully the challenges of the cockpit.
futuri delineati dagli autori è l’impatto della disi-
One of the areas for future investigation offered
dratazione e della perdita di fluidi sulla prestazio-
by the authors is the impact of dehydration and
ne. A questo proposito, Brearly et al.,3 lavorando
fluid loss on performance. To this point, Brear- con i piloti della Australian V8 Supercar Cham-
ly et al.,3 working with Australian V8 Supercar pionship, hanno registrato tassi di sudorazione di
Championship drivers, reported overall sweat 1,06 L/min e una perdita complessiva di sudore
rates of 1.06 L/min and an overall sweat loss of di 1,48 kg, in seguito a gare di corsa brevi (©
or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other means which may allow access COPYRIGHT 2018 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA
cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo, or other proprietary information of the Publisher.
This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies (either sporadically
to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is not permitted. It is not permitted to remove,
POTKANOWICZ PETIT LE MANS
other traditional sport involves high speed, prestazione elevata (sia fisica che psicologica), e
paired with persistent g-loading, paired with con la minaccia mortale, sempre presente? Soste-
split-second decision making, paired with pro- nere che la comunità scientifica abbia risposto
tracted periods of sustained performance (both adeguatamente a tali domande sarebbe sbagliato.
physical and psychological), paired with the C’è molto da imparare sui piloti. Pertanto, lo scopo
ever-present threat of death? To suggest that the di questo studio casistico è quello di riportare la
scientific community has adequately answered temperatura corporea interna, la frequenza car-
these questions would be incorrect. There is diaca e i dati dello sforzo fisiologico nel pre- e nel
still a great deal to learn about the driver-ath- post-test, in due piloti professionisti, misurandoli
lete. Therefore, the purpose of this case study in un momento singolo, durante la Petit Le Mans
is to present the pre- and post-stint core body del 2016. Questi dati qui delineati accrescono le
temperature, heart rate, and physiological strain conoscenze nella scienza che studia i piloti.
data from two professional driver-athletes col-
lected during a single stint during the 2016 Pet-
it Le Mans. This data is being offered here in Case report
an effort to add, incrementally, to the growing
body of work on the topic of driver science. La metodologia presentata qui è simile a quella
usata dall’autore del lavoro precedente e verrà de-
scritta in maniera analoga.9 Il protocollo di studio
Case report è stato approvato in precedenza dal board di re-
visione internazionale dell’università di apparte-
The methodology presented here is similar nenza dell’autore.
to that used by the author in previous work Sono stati reclutati due piloti autorizzati dall’In-
and will be described here in a similar fashion.9 ternationale de l’Automobile (FIA). Ciascun pilota
The study protocol was approved in advance ha ricevuto e firmato un consenso informato. Inol-
by the institutional review board of the author’s tre il personale medico e per la sicurezza dell’IMSA
university. è stato informato e ha approvato il progetto, prima
The Federation Internationale de l’Automobile del rilevamento dei dati. La demografia sui piloti è
(FIA) licensed drivers were recruited. Each driv- riportata in Tabella I.
er was provided with and signed an informed Due piloti autorizzati FIA sono stati osservati
consent. Additionally, IMSA medical and safety per un periodo, durante la corsa Petit Le Mans del
personnel notified and approved the project, 2016. Ciascun pilota ha gareggiato nella categoria
prior to data collection. Driver demographics Prototype. Il pilota 1 ha iniziato la corsa (periodo
are provided in Table I. #1) ed è stato seguito immediatamente nella cabi-
Two FIA licensed drivers were observed for na di pilotaggio dal pilota 2 (periodo #2).
one stint each during the running of the 2016 La temperatura interna (Tgi) è stata misurata
Petit Le Mans. Each driver competed in the Pro- immediatamente prima che i piloti entrassero a
totype category. Driver 1 began the race (Stint bordo dell’auto e immediatamente dopo esserne
#1) and was followed immediately in the cock- usciti, mediante la pillola-sensore ingeribile, HQ
pit by driver 2 (Stint #2). Inc. (Palmetto, FL, USA) CorTemp®.
Core temperature (Tgi) was measured imme- La frequenza cardiaca è stata misurata me-
diately before getting into the car and imme- diante registratore non codificato di frequenza
diately upon exiting the car using the HQ Inc. cardiaca Polar (Lake Success, NY, USA) T-31, ac-
(Palmetto, FL, USA) CorTemp® ingestible core coppiato al registratore dati HQ Inc., per il rile-
probe pill. vamento simultaneo di temperatura interna e fre-
Heart rate was assessed using a Polar (Lake quenza cardiaca.
Table I.—Participant demographics/characteristics.
Tabella I. — Caratteristiche/demografia dei partecipanti.
Characteristic Driver 1 Driver 2
Age (years) 27 25
Height (cm) 182.88 182.88
Weight (kg) 68.04 75.57
Body surface area (m2) 1.86 1.92
630 MEDICINA DELLO SPORT December 2018©
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cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo, or other proprietary information of the Publisher.
This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies (either sporadically
to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is not permitted. It is not permitted to remove,
PETIT LE MANS POTKANOWICZ
Success, NY, USA) T-31 un-coded heart rate Poiché il pilota 2 ha avuto una risposta di fre-
monitor which was paired to the HQ Inc. data quenza cardiaca superiore al limite massimo
recorder for simultaneous collection of core di 180 battiti al minuto (bpm), come proposto
temperature and heart rate. dall’equazione di Moran et al.,15 il PSI è stato cal-
Because driver 2 exhibited a heart rate re- colato secondo l’equazione di Moran et al.10 e di
sponse above the maximal limit of 180 beats per Tikuisis et al.16 Il PSI di Moran et al.15 viene così
minute (bpm) as proposed in the equation by calcolato:
Moran et al.,15 the PSI was calculated using the
PSI= 5(Tret – Tre0) · (39,5 - Tre0)-1 + 5(HRt – HR0) ·
equations of Moran et al.10 and Tikuisis et al.16
(180 - HR0) -1
The PSI offered by Moran et al.15 is calculated as:
PSI= 5(Tret – Tre0) · (39.5 - Tre0)-1 + 5(HRt – HR0) · Tikuisis et al.16 modifica l’equazione originale
(180 - HR0) -1 di Moran et al.15 per consentire frequenze cardia-
che superiori ai 180 bpm al minuto. Tikuisis et
Tikuisis et al.16 modifies the original equation al.16 calcolano il PSI in questo modo:
of Moran et al.15 to allow for heart rates above
the 180-bpm maximum. Tikuisis et al.16 calcu- PSI= 5(Tret – Tre0) · (39,5 - Tre0)-1 + 5(HRt - 60) ·
lates PSI as: (HRmax - 60) -1
PSI= 5(Tret – Tre0) · (39.5 - Tre0)-1 + 5(HRt - 60) · dove HRmax costituisce la frequenza cardiaca
(HRmax - 60) -1 massima osservata e 60 è scelto arbitrariamente
come valore di frequenza cardiaca a riposo, pro-
where HRmax represents the maximal observed posto in Tikuisis et al.16. Entrambe le equazioni
heart rate and 60 represents the arbitrarily cho- per il PSI sono state modificate per adattarsi all’uso
sen resting heart rate value proposed by Tikuisis del sensore di temperatura ingeribile. Pertanto,
et al.16 Both PSI equations were modified to ac- abbiamo sostituito con i valori rilevati dal sen-
count for the use of the ingestible temperature sore di temperatura ingeribile quelli di tempera-
probe. As such, ingestible temperature probe tura rettale. Per facilitare la lettura e i confronti,
values were substituted for rectal temperature. abbiamo presentato nella Tabella II le condizioni
For ease of reading and comparison, driver- ambientali pilota-specifiche, pre-test e post-test, e
specific pre- and post-stint environmental con- le temperature della cabina di pilotaggio. 15,16 Le
ditions and cockpit temperatures are presented temperature della cabina di pilotaggio, misurate
in Table II.15, 16 Cockpit temperature, measured usando una termocoppia montata centralmente,
Table II.—Pre- and post-stint driver responses.
Tabella II. — Risposte pre- e post-test.
Measured Driver 1 Driver 2
Driving time 2:17:55 1:43:58
Laps/miles driven 101/244 73/184
Baseline Tgi (°C) 37.20 37.01
Baseline heart rate (bpm) 72 70
Prestint ambient temperature (°C) 22.2 25.0
Post-stint ambient temperature (°C) 25.0 26.1
Prestint relative humidity (%) 46.0 46.0
Post-stint relative humidity (%) 46.0 45.0
Prestint Tgi (°C) 37.24 37.54
Post-stint Tgi (°C) 38.78 38.42
Tgi difference (°C) 1.54 0.88
Prestint heart rate (bpm) 71 93
Post-stint heart rate (bpm) 166 188
Heart rate difference (bpm) 95 95
Prestint PSI 15 0.21 2.16
Post-stint PSI 15 7.76 8.17
PSI difference 15 7.55 6.01
Prestint PSI 16 0.18 2.03
Post-stint PSI 16 7.30 7.54
PSI difference 16 7.12 5.51
Vol. 71 - No. 4 MEDICINA DELLO SPORT 631©
or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other means which may allow access COPYRIGHT 2018 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA
cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo, or other proprietary information of the Publisher.
This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies (either sporadically
to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is not permitted. It is not permitted to remove,
POTKANOWICZ PETIT LE MANS
using a thermocouple centrally mounted within al suo interno, sono salite, durante il periodo di ri-
the cockpit, rose during the period of data col- levamento dei dati da un valore iniziale di 23,7°C
lection from an initial temperature of 23.7 °C to fino a 40,0°C. Poiché si tratta di uno studio casisti-
a high of 40.0 °C. co, i risultati si limitano a riportare i valori pre-test
As a case study, the results are limited to re- e post-test per ciascun pilota.
porting pre- and post-stint values for each of Per facilitare la lettura e la comprensione, ab-
the two drivers. biamo riportato nella Tabella II i dati del pre-test,
For ease of reading and comparison, pre-, del post-test e le differenze per ciascuna variabile.
post-, and difference data for each of the vari-
ables is presented in Table II.
Discussione
Discussion Questo studio casistico ha cercato di quantifica-
re le sfide fisiologiche causate dalle gare di corsa. A
This case study sought to quantify the physi- tal fine, questo studio ha prodotto dei risultati pre-
ological challenges of racing. To that end, this test e post-test, per quanto riguarda la temperatura
study produced pre- and post-stint data for core corporea interna, la frequenza cardiaca e lo sfor-
body temperature, heart rate, and physiological zo fisiologico, in un singolo intervallo di tempo,
strain from a single stint for two professional in due piloti professionisti durante una gara di
drivers during an actual race. In doing so, this corsa reale. In tal modo, questo studio casistico ha
case study added, incrementally, to the topic of apportato conoscenza all’ambito della scienza sui
driver science. Given how little published infor- piloti. Date le scarse informazioni sul tema, ogni
mation exists on the topic, every piece of data contributo è favorevole. Se si guarda ai dati di PSI
adds to the growing conversation. Looking at pre- e post-test, si nota che i piloti sono stati messi
the pre- and post-stint PSI data, both drivers alla prova fisiologicamente, alla fine del periodo
were physiologically challenged by the end of di test. Inoltre, questo studio conferma ciò che è
stato menzionato precedentemente da altri autori.
their stints. Additionally, these findings support 1-9 Sebbene entrambi i piloti abbiano all’inizio un
those of the authors mentioned previously.1-9
valore di PSI che corrisponde ad assenza di sforzo/
While each driver began his stint with a PSI
sforzo limitato, alla fine entrambi presentano un
value equal to No/Little strain, each ended their
valore elevato di PSI. Di ulteriore rilievo è la situa-
stint with a PSI value in the High range. Of addi- zione di partenza del pilota 2. Mentre il pilota 1 ha
tional note is the condition in which each driver iniziato il suo periodo di test con un PSI di 0,21, il
2 began his stint. Where driver 1 began his stint pilota 2 aveva in partenza un PSI di 2,16. Sebbe-
with a PSI of 0.21, driver 2 began his stint with ne entrambi i valori di PSI del pre-test ricadessero
a PSI of 2.16. While both prestint PSI values are nell’intervallo PSI assente/basso, il pilota 2 è salito
in the No/Little range, driver 2 entered the car in auto in uno stato che potrebbe essere conside-
in what could be characterized as an already el- rato elevato. Dato questo PSI alto, la domanda da
evated state. Given this elevated PSI, the ques- porsi sarebbe se il pilota 2 fosse “riposato”, oppure
tion should be raised that while driver 2 may avesse iniziato la gara in stato già alterato. Dato il
have been the “fresh” driver, was he entering tempo che i piloti di categoria endurance passano
the car in an already compromised state? Given seduti in auto, questo stato alterato potrebbe com-
the amount of time endurance drivers spend in promettere la prestazione e la sicurezza del pilota?
the seat, does this already elevated state have Inoltre, considerando il numero di volte in cui un
the potential to compromise a driver’s perform- pilota può uscire o rientrare nella cabina di pilo-
ance and safety? Additionally, when considering taggio durante una gara, ci sarebbe da chiedersi
the number of times a driver may get into and se egli abbia il tempo per ritornare a una condi-
out of the cockpit during a race, the question zione vicina alla normalità, fra i due momenti del
must be raised about whether or not the driver test. In modo analogo, se si guarda alle variazio-
is afforded enough time to return to a near-to- ni della temperatura corporea interna e alla fre-
normal state between stints? Similarly, looking quenza cardiaca, è evidente che guidare un’auto
at the changes in core body temperature and da corsa può suscitare variazioni notevoli di que-
heart rate, it’s evident that the work of driving a sti parametri. Salendo a bordo dell’auto, il pilota
race car can elicit a noticeable change in driver 1 ha presentato una Tgi di 37,24 °C e ne è uscito
core body temperature and heart rate. Entering con una Tgi di 38,78 °C. Inoltre, mentre il pilota 1
the car, driver 1 had a Tgi of 37.24 °C and exited è salito a bordo con una frequenza cardiaca rela-
632 MEDICINA DELLO SPORT December 2018©
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cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo, or other proprietary information of the Publisher.
This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies (either sporadically
to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is not permitted. It is not permitted to remove,
PETIT LE MANS POTKANOWICZ
with a Tgi of 38.78 °C. Further, while driver 1 tivamente normale di 71 bpm, ne è uscito con una
entered the car with a relatively normal heart frequenza cardiaca di 166 bpm, corrispondente
rate of 71 bpm, he exited the car with a heart all’85% della sua frequenza cardiaca stimata in
rate of 166 bpm, or 85% of his age-estimated base all’età.
maximal heart rate. Entering the car, driver Salendo a bordo dell’auto, il pilota 2 ha presen-
2 had a Tgi of 37.54 °C and he exited with a tato una Tgi di 37,54 °C e ne è uscito con una Tgi di
Tgi of 38.42 °C. While driver 2 entered the car 39,42 °C. Mentre il pilota 2 è salito a bordo dell’au-
with a slightly higher heart rate of 93 bpm, he to con una frequenza cardiaca leggermente più
exited the car with a much higher heart rate alta di 93 bpm, ne è uscito con una frequenza car-
of 195, or 96% of his age-estimated maximal diaca molto più alta, 195, corrispondente al 96%
heart rate. While these pre-post numbers are della sua frequenza cardiaca massima stimata in
telling, it would be ideal to have continuous base all’età. Ciò che questi dati pre- e post-test sug-
data throughout a stint, or the entire race, in geriscono è che sarebbe ideale avere a disposizione
order to look rate of change in the physiologi- dati continui, oppure misurati durante la corsa,
cal markers over time. To that point, and to the per capire il tasso di variazione dei marker fisiolo-
second theme identified in the literature search, gici nel tempo. A tale scopo e come seconda istan-
there is the need for novel technology within za, secondo la ricerca in letteratura, c’è bisogno di
driver science research that would allow for una tecnologia più innovativa per poter condurre
the real-time assessment of the driver-athlete. valutazioni in tempo reale sui piloti. Sfortunata-
Unfortunately, the equipment that is currently mente, la strumentazione disponibile al momento
available to driver science researchers utilizes per i ricercatori che studiano i piloti utilizza una
technology that is either unsuited for the rigors tecnologia che non è idonea alla durezza della ca-
of the cockpit or is not accepted by the govern- bina di pilotaggio, oppure non è consentita dagli
ing bodies as a safe means of data collection. organismi governativi come metodo sicuro per il
rilevamento dati. Ad esempio, la ricerca che studia
For example, driver science research has often
i piloti ha spesso fatto affidamento su alcune pillole
relied on some form of ingestible core temper-
ingeribili per misurare la temperatura (e.g. Equivi-
ature pill (e.g. Equivital, HQ Inc., or eCelsius
tal, HQ Inc., or eCelsius Performance). Si potrebbe
Performance). One could reasonably argue that
ragionevolmente credere che questi produttori e i
these manufacturers and their respective prod- loro rispettivi prodotti si adattino alla perfezione
ucts are perfectly suited for testing in extreme a test in ambienti estremi, ed è così. La pillola-
environments, and they are. The ingestible core sensore di temperatura ingeribile è stata usata con
temperature pill has been used successfully in successo nelle esplorazioni spaziali, nelle configu-
space exploration, HazMat settings, and fire- razioni HazMat e nello spegnimento degli incendi.
fighting. However, while these manufacturers Nonostante ciò, se questi produttori sono stati in
may have resolved some the problems com- grado di risolvere alcuni problemi, comunemente
monly associated with data collection in the associati con il rilevamento dati negli ambienti de-
motorsports environment (e.g. Equivital® uses a gli sport motoristici (ad esempio, Equivital® sfrutta
more robust signal to avoid signal interference un segnale più intenso per evitare l’interferenza
and/or loss and eCelsius stores the real-time e/o la perdita del segnale e eCelsius salva i dati in
data within the pill itself), what has not been tempo reale nella stessa pillola), ciò che non è stato
resolved, regardless of the manufacturer, is that risolto, a prescindere dal produttore, è che è impos-
a person cannot have a magnetic resonance im- sibile per una persona sottoporsi a una risonanza
aging (MRI) test done while the pill is in place magnetica (RM) con una pillola in funzione all’in-
and being used. While in many traditional sport terno del corpo. Mentre in molti sport o test tradi-
or testing situations the issue of the MRI is of zionali il problema della RM non è rilevante, negli
no great concern, given the violence of racing sport motoristici, data la gravità degli incidenti
accidents, the sanctioning bodies within mot- in gara, le autorità sanzionatorie (ad esempio, la
orsports (i.e. the Indy Racing League [IRL], the Indy Racing League [IRL], la National Association
National Association of Stock Car Racing [NAS- of Stock Car Racing [NASCAR] e la International
CAR], and the International Motorsports Asso- Motorsports Association [IMSA]) non permetteran-
ciation [IMSA]) will soon no longer permit the no ancora a lungo l’uso di pillole-sensori per due
use of the sensor pill for two primary reasons. ragioni primarie. La prima è che la pillola potrebbe
First, the pill has the potential to interfere with interferire con il protocollo in caso di commozione
the series’ concussion protocol. According to cerebrale. Secondo i rappresentanti dei rispettivi
the representatives of the respective sanction- organismi sanzionatori, in contatto con chi dirige
Vol. 71 - No. 4 MEDICINA DELLO SPORT 633©
or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other means which may allow access COPYRIGHT 2018 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA
cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo, or other proprietary information of the Publisher.
This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies (either sporadically
to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is not permitted. It is not permitted to remove,
POTKANOWICZ PETIT LE MANS
ing bodies in conversation with the PI of this questo studio casistico, la RM (combinata con altri
case study, MRIs (in combination with other as- strumenti diagnostici) viene usata come parte inte-
sessment tools) are used as an integral part of grante di un protocollo per commozione cerebrale
the concussion protocol and are relied upon for ed è il mezzo su cui fare affidamento per decidere
decisions about the driver’s immediate condi- delle condizioni immediate del pilota e del suo ri-
tion and the driver-athletes’ return to competi- entro alle competizioni. La seconda ragione è che i
tion. Second, medical safety directors are hesi- dirigenti della sicurezza medica esitano a rimuo-
tant to remove a valuable diagnostic tool (i.e. vere un valido metodo diagnostico (come la RM)
the MRI) from their “toolbox” for the evaluation dalla loro “cassetta degli attrezzi”, per valutare le
of a driver after an accident. While the pill typi- condizioni del pilota dopo un incidente. Se è vero
cally passes in the 24 to 36 hours, the need for che la pillola viene espulsa dall’organismo in 24-
diagnostic evaluation in motorsports accidents 36 ore, la necessità di una diagnosi in un inciden-
is often immediate, or certainly sooner than the te motoristico è spesso immediata, o sicuramente è
pill would pass. Therefore, the ingestible core necessaria prima che la pillola sia espulsa. Pertan-
sensor pill represents a dead end in the real- to, la pillola-sensore interno ingeribile rappresenta
time monitoring of the driver athlete. More im- un punto cieco del monitoraggio in tempo reale del
portantly, there is nothing currently available, pilota. Ancora più importante è che non vi sono
either commercially or otherwise, to replace al momento alternative disponibili, né in commer-
the ingestible core probe pill in driver science cio né reperibili in altra maniera, per sostituire la
research that would allow for the safe and non- pillola-sensore ingeribile nella scienza che studia
invasive assessment of the drive-athlete. While i piloti, che consentirebbero misurazioni sicure e
some have tried to introduce new technology, non invasive sul pilota. Sebbene alcuni abbiano
cercato di introdurre nuove tecnologie, queste non
that new technology is either not of sufficient
sono né sufficientemente accurate per un uso in
accuracy as to be useful in a research setting (i.e.
ricerca (ad esempio, strumenti biometrici presenti
commercially available biometrics like Garmin
in commercio, come Garmin o Jawbone) o questi
or Jawbone) or these new devices (e.g. Wire-
nuovi dispositivi (ad esempio, Wireless Motorsports
less Motorsports of Cammeray, NSW, Australia) of Cammeray, NSW, Australia) richiederebbero che
would require that the athlete remove one of il pilota rimuova gli auricolari provvisti di acce-
his or her accelerometer-outfitted earbuds that lerometro, che registrano la forza di gravità della
record g-loads to the head in the event of an ac- testa in caso di incidente. Nessuno di questi sce-
cident. Neither scenario is ideal from a research nari è ideale da un punto di vista di ricerca o di
or safety perspective. Issues involving electrical sicurezza. I problemi che coinvolgono l’interferen-
interference, timing of the core pill’s adminis- za elettrica, la tempistica della somministrazione
tration, restrictions associated with magnetic della pillola-sensore, le restrizioni associate alle
resonance imaging, and the changing attitude immagini di risonanza magnetica e il cambio di
towards, and in some cases outright restriction prospettiva, in alcuni casi immediato, verso l’uso
on, using the core probe pill have hampered della pillola-sensore, costituiranno un ostacolo ver-
the advancement of this work and represent a so il progresso di quest’ambito di ricerca nonché
significant limitation for future work in the area un limite significativo nel contesto della ricerca sui
of driver science. As such, there is a definite piloti. Pertanto è chiaro che è necessario avere a
need for novel technology in area of driver sci- disposizione una nuova tecnologia nell’ambito di
ence research. ricerca sui piloti.
Conclusions Conclusioni
Examining what little published work exists, Dal basso numero di lavori pubblicati, è evi-
it is abundantly clear that there is much to learn dente che vi è ancora molto da comprendere
in the area of driver science. While the cur- nell’ambito della scienza dedicata ai piloti. Se da
rent investigation added incrementally to this un lato la ricerca attuale ha aggiunto conoscenze
growing body of work, the most obvious limi- al settore, il limite più ovvio è rappresentato dalla
tation is the lack of suitable micro-technology. mancanza di microtecnologie idonee. La ricerca
Driver science research would benefit greatly dedicata ai piloti beneficerà sicuramente di gran-
by moving in the direction of using research- di vantaggi, nel caso in cui ci si muova in direzio-
grade micro-biometrics which would allow for ne di una micro-biometria specifica per l’ambito
634 MEDICINA DELLO SPORT December 2018©
or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other means which may allow access COPYRIGHT 2018 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA
cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo, or other proprietary information of the Publisher.
This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies (either sporadically
to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is not permitted. It is not permitted to remove,
PETIT LE MANS POTKANOWICZ
the continuous real-time and non-intrusive as- di ricerca, che consentirebbe valutazioni in tem-
sessment of the driver-athlete and would allow po reale e non invasive dei piloti e offrirebbe ai
researchers to tell the whole story. The lack of ricercatori la possibilità di descrivere un quadro
adequate technology, combined with the lack completo. La mancanza di tecnologia adeguata e
of published literature, offers compelling evi- la scarsità di letteratura sono input per l’approfon-
dence for the continuation of this work. dimento di questo lavoro.
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Conflicts of interest.—The authors certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the
material discussed in the manuscript.
Acknowledgements.—The author would like to thank Wayne Taylor Racing for their contribution to this project. The ac-
cess that the team granted, the cooperative and professional crew, and the willingness of the drivers to participate, were
each integral parts of this project. The author would also like to thank the International Motors Sports Association for al-
lowing the author to collect data during one of its events. Without the cooperation of elite level teams and their sanction-
ing bodies, research in the area of driver science would come to a screeching halt (pun intended). The cooperation that
the author received from all parties involved is greatly appreciated.
Manuscript accepted: October 24, 2018. - Manuscript received: July 11, 2018.
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