INTRODUZIONE ALL'INTERNET OF THINGS - ANTONIO VETRÒ, PHD DIRETTORE DELLA RICERCA CENTRO NEXA SU INTERNET & SOCIETÀ
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Introduzione
all’Internet of Things
Antonio Vetrò, PhD
Direttore della Ricerca
Centro Nexa su Internet & Società
(e cenni di economia circolare)
Internet delle cose • Le cose e Internet • Zoom in: Funzionamento • Zoom out: Contesto
Le cose
Quali cose ?
Quali cose ?
Quali cose ?
* tutte le immagini sono di pubblico
dominio
Quali cose ?
* tutte le immagini sono di pubblico
dominio
Quali cose ?
* tutte le immagini sono di pubblico
dominio
Quali cose ?
* tutte le immagini sono di pubblico
dominioQuali cose ?
* tutte le immagini sono di pubblico
dominioQuali cose ?
* tutte le immagini sono di pubblico
dominioQuali cose ?
* tutte le immagini sono di pubblico
dominioQuali cose ?
* tutte le immagini sono di pubblico
dominioQuali cose ?
* tutte le immagini sono di pubblico
dominioQuali cose ?
* tutte le immagini sono di pubblico
dominioQuali cose ?
* tutte le immagini sono di pubblico
dominio“[…]there are now computers in everything. But
I want to suggest another way of thinking
about it in that everything is now a computer:
This is not a phone. It’s a computer that
makes phone calls. A refrigerator is a
computer that keeps things cold. ATM machine
is a computer with money inside. Your car is
not a mechanical device with a computer. It’s
a computer with four wheels and an engine… And
this is the Internet of Things […]”
Bruce Schneier at House of Representatives’ Energy &
Commerce Committee
Fonte : http://www.dailydot.com/layer8/bruce-schneier-internet-of-things/Internet delle cose Una rete di oggetti fisici, dotati di connessione a Internet e in grado di raccogliere e scambiare dati dall’ambiente in cui sono collocati. Ogni oggetto può essere dotato di sensori, software, attuatori e capacità computazionale.
Abilitanti Miniaturizzazione dell’elettronica Connettività a internet
Quante cose ?
10
Miliardi di “cose”
connesse a Internet oggi
Fonte: Plamen Nedeltchev (CISCO), The Internet of Everything is the New
Economy, 2015. http://bit.ly/1mz7v9626
Miliardi di “cose”
connesse a Internet
entro il 2020
Fonte: http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/268491550
Miliardi di “cose”
connesse a Internet
entro il 2020
Fonte: Plamen Nedeltchev (CISCO), The Internet of Everything is the New
Economy, 2015. http://bit.ly/1mz7v96100
Miliardi di “cose”
connesse a Internet
entro il 2020
Fonte: Morgan Stanley, The Internet of Things is now, 2014.
http://bit.ly/2ga1EPbhttp://thingful.net/
Le cose e Internet
Mobile data traffic Multiplier
2015 (EB/month)
by region 2015-2021
Asia Pacific 2,1 11
Central Europe and
Middle East and 0,8 13
Africa
Western Europe 0,8 10
North America 1,3 7
Latin America 0,4 9
Fonte: https://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2016/ericsson-mobility-report-2016.pdf1,7 Mb/sec. trasmessi da ogni persona al giorno, entro il 2020 Fonte: World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly 2016
1,3 GB/ora prodotti da un’auto oggi
25 GB/ora se auto ibride
Fonte: http://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/blog/big-data-wheelsFunzionamento
rnet of Things Fonte: Bandyopadhyay, D., & Sen, J. (2011). Internet of things: . 2 Layered architecture of Internet of Things Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications, 58(1), 49-69.
nternet of Things 5
ig. 2 Layered architecture of Internet of Things
ata utilization
Fonte: in applications.
Bandyopadhyay, D., & Sen, J. The functionalities
(2011). of the various layers are
Internet of things:
Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications, 58(1), 49-69.
iscussed briefly in the following:nternet of Things 5
ig. 2 Layered architecture of Internet of Things
Sensori, sistemi embedded, tag RFID, lettori …
ata utilization
Fonte: in applications.
Bandyopadhyay, D., & Sen, J. The functionalities
(2011). of the various layers are
Internet of things:
Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications, 58(1), 49-69.
iscussed briefly in the following:nternet of Things 5
identificazione, raccolta/salvataggio/elaborazione
ig. 2 Layered architecture of Internet of Thingsinformazioni , comunicazione, controllo e attuazione
Sensori, sistemi embedded, tag RFID, lettori …
ata utilization
Fonte: in applications.
Bandyopadhyay, D., & Sen, J. The functionalities
(2011). of the various layers are
Internet of things:
Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications, 58(1), 49-69.
iscussed briefly in the following:nternet of Things 5
routing, pubblicazione e
sottoscrizione servizi,
comunicazione tra piattaforme
identificazione, raccolta/salvataggio/elaborazione
ig. 2 Layered architecture of Internet of Thingsinformazioni , comunicazione, controllo e attuazione
Sensori, sistemi embedded, tag RFID, lettori …
ata utilization
Fonte: in applications.
Bandyopadhyay, D., & Sen, J. The functionalities
(2011). of the various layers are
Internet of things:
Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications, 58(1), 49-69.
iscussed briefly in the following:nternet of Things 5
Gestione device e comunicazioni,
filtraggio dati, aggregazioni dati,
analisi semantica, interrogazione
dati e servizi
routing, pubblicazione e
sottoscrizione servizi,
comunicazione tra piattaforme
identificazione, raccolta/salvataggio/elaborazione
ig. 2 Layered architecture of Internet of Thingsinformazioni , comunicazione, controllo e attuazione
Sensori, sistemi embedded, tag RFID, lettori …
ata utilization
Fonte: in applications.
Bandyopadhyay, D., & Sen, J. The functionalities
(2011). of the various layers are
Internet of things:
Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications, 58(1), 49-69.
iscussed briefly in the following:Applicazioni in settori verticali (domotica, energia, trasporti …)
nternet of Things 5
Gestione device e comunicazioni,
filtraggio dati, aggregazioni dati,
analisi semantica, interrogazione
dati e servizi
routing, pubblicazione e
sottoscrizione servizi,
comunicazione tra piattaforme
identificazione, raccolta/salvataggio/elaborazione
ig. 2 Layered architecture of Internet of Thingsinformazioni , comunicazione, controllo e attuazione
Sensori, sistemi embedded, tag RFID, lettori …
ata utilization
Fonte: in applications.
Bandyopadhyay, D., & Sen, J. The functionalities
(2011). of the various layers are
Internet of things:
Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications, 58(1), 49-69.
iscussed briefly in the following:Ambiente
Ambiente
Sensori
DatiAmbiente
Sensori
Dati ServiziAmbiente
Sensori
Attuatori
Dati ServiziAmbiente
Sensori
Attuatori
Dati Servizi
Sistemi SoftwareAmbiente
Sistemi Sensori
Embedded Attuatori
Dati Servizi
Sistemi Software+ Internet
Ambiente Y Ambiente Z
Ambiente XAmbiente Y Ambiente Z
Sistemi Sistemi
Dati Dati
Servizi Servizi
Ambiente X Sistemi
Dati
Servizi
Sistemi
Dati Sistemi
Servizi Dati
ServiziAmbiente Y Ambiente Z
Sistemi Sistemi
Dati Dati
Servizi Servizi
Ambiente X Sistemi
Dati
Servizi
Sistemi
Dati Sistemi
Servizi Dati
ServiziApplication domain X, e.g. eHealth
Application domain Y, e.g. Mobility
t1
t2 t3
Area 1
Area 2
Area 3
Area 1
Area 2
secure, controlled communication
unsecure, undetermined communication
Area 3
Participants, users, stakeholders
closed system interaction with the environment
Scenario snapshot at point in time t1, t2, t3,...
Components, systems, functions, controlled services
Services (ad hoc networked, unsecure)
Fonte:Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda Cyber-
Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.159. Herbert Utz Verlag.Interoperabilità Adattato da :Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda Cyber-Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.159. Herbert Utz Verlag.
Interoperabilità Cose connesse Adattato da :Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda Cyber-Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.159. Herbert Utz Verlag.
— The architecture design for CPS components such domain and environment models and architectures ca-
as embedded systems needs to adopt a broader per- pable of configuring and integrating CPS services and
spective that goes beyond an approach based purely functions at all levels of the system architecture.
on closed systems with fixed goals and predetermined — It will be especially important to investigate new require-
application environments and requirements. Architec- ments and mechanisms for the local and global design
Interoperabilità
ture and interface design needs to be adapted to open of services and functional architectures. They will need
contexts of use, wide-ranging application and integra- to be capable of being employed in different contexts
tion requirements and uncertain networking and adap- and combined with unknown systems and functions.
tation needs. Moreover, it will be important for these mechanisms to
Figure 5.3: Abstraction, design, integration and interoperability levels of Cyber-Physical Systems.
Integrated customer
and usage processes
User-visible interoperability
Service integration in
accordance with usage
requirements
Semantic interoperability
Domain-specific architectures
Int.Tecnica and platforms
Mobility E-Health Factory
Technical interoperability
CPS middleware, platform, communication infrastructure with basic services
Cose connesse
159
Adattato da :Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda
Cyber-Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.159. Herbert Utz Verlag.— The architecture design for CPS components such necessary
domain and to environment
develop and models
enhanceand behaviour patterns,
architectures ca-
— The architecture
as embedded design
systems for toCPS
needs components
adopt a broadersuch
per- domain and environment models and architectures
pable of configuring and integrating CPS services and ca-
as embedded systems needs to adopt a broader
spective that goes beyond an approach based purely per- pable of configuring
functions at all levels and integrating
of the CPS services and
system architecture.
spective
on closedthat goes with
systems beyond
fixedangoals
approach based purely
and predetermined — functions at all levels
It will be especially of the system
important architecture.
to investigate new require-
on closed systems
application with fixed
environments andgoals and predetermined
requirements. Architec- — It will be
ments especially
and important
mechanisms to local
for the investigate new require-
and global design
application
ture and interface design needs to be adaptedArchitec-
environments and requirements. ments
of services and functional architectures. They willdesign
and mechanisms for the local and global
Interoperabilità
to open need
ture
contexts of use, wide-ranging application and to
and interface design needs to be adapted open
integra- of services and functional architectures. They
to be capable of being employed in different contexts will need
contexts of use, wide-ranging
tion requirements and uncertainapplication
networkingand
andintegra-
adap- to
andbecombined
capable ofwithbeing employed
unknown in different
systems contexts
and functions.
tion requirements
tation needs. and uncertain networking and adap- and combined
Moreover, it willwith unknownfor
be important systems and functions.
these mechanisms to
tation needs. Moreover, it will be important for these mechanisms to
Figure 5.3: Abstraction, design, integration and interoperability levels of Cyber-Physical Systems.
Figure 5.3: Abstraction, design, integration and interoperability levels of Cyber-Physical Systems.
Integrated customer
Integrated customer
and usage processes
and usage processes
User-visible interoperability
User-visible interoperability
Service integration in
Int. Semantica Service integration
accordance
accordance
in
with usage
requirementswith usage
requirements
Semantic interoperability
Semantic interoperability
Domain-specific architectures
Int.Tecnica Domain-specific
and platforms architectures
and platforms
Mobility E-Health Factory
Mobility E-Health Factory
Technical interoperability
Technical interoperability
CPS middleware, platform, communication infrastructure with basic services
Cose connesse
CPS middleware, platform, communication infrastructure with basic services
159
159
Adattato da :Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda
Cyber-Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.159. Herbert Utz Verlag.— The architecture design for CPS components such necessary
domain and to environment
develop and models
enhanceand behaviour patterns,
architectures ca-
— The architecture
as embedded design
systems for toCPS
needs components
adopt a broadersuch
per- domain and environment models and architectures
pable of configuring and integrating CPS services and ca-
as embedded systems needs to adopt a broader
spective that goes beyond an approach based purely per- pable of configuring
functions at all levels and integrating
of the CPS services and
system architecture.
spective
on closedthat goes with
systems beyond
fixedangoals
approach based purely
and predetermined — functions at all levels
It will be especially of the system
important architecture.
to investigate new require-
on closed systems
application with fixed
environments andgoals and predetermined
requirements. Architec- — It will be
ments especially
and important
mechanisms to local
for the investigate new require-
and global design
application
ture and interface design needs to be adaptedArchitec-
environments and requirements. ments
of services and functional architectures. They willdesign
and mechanisms for the local and global
Interoperabilità
to open need
ture
contexts of use, wide-ranging application and to
and interface design needs to be adapted open
integra- of services and functional architectures. They
to be capable of being employed in different contexts will need
contexts of use, wide-ranging
tion requirements and uncertainapplication
networkingand
andintegra-
adap- to
andbecombined
capable ofwithbeing employed
unknown in different
systems contexts
and functions.
tion requirements
tation needs. and uncertain networking and adap- and combined
Moreover, it willwith unknownfor
be important systems and functions.
these mechanisms to
tation needs. Moreover, it will be important for these mechanisms to
Figure 5.3: Abstraction, design, integration and interoperability levels of Cyber-Physical Systems.
Figure 5.3: Abstraction, design, integration and interoperability levels of Cyber-Physical Systems.
Integrated customer
Integrated customer
and usage processes
Int. per l’utente and usage processes
User-visible interoperability
User-visible interoperability
Service integration in
Int. Semantica Service integration
accordance
accordance
in
with usage
requirementswith usage
requirements
Semantic interoperability
Semantic interoperability
Domain-specific architectures
Int.Tecnica Domain-specific
and platforms architectures
and platforms
Mobility E-Health Factory
Mobility E-Health Factory
Technical interoperability
Technical interoperability
CPS middleware, platform, communication infrastructure with basic services
Cose connesse
CPS middleware, platform, communication infrastructure with basic services
159
159
Adattato da :Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda
Cyber-Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.159. Herbert Utz Verlag.Protocolli
• Infrastruttura (ex: 6LowPAN, IPv4/IPv6, RPL)
• Identificazione (ex: EPC, uCode, IPv6, URIs)
• Comunicazione (ex: Wifi, Bluetooth, LPWAN)
• Scoperta servizi (ex: Physical Web, mDNS, DNS-SD)
• Protocolli dati(ex: MQTT, CoAP, AMQP, Websocket,
Node)
• Gestione device (ex: TR-069, OMA-DM)
• Semantica (ex: JSON-LD, Web Thing Model)
Fonte: http://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/Standard David E. Culler The Internet of Every Thing - steps toward sustainability CWSN Keynote, Sept. 26, 2011
Contesto
“a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines
between the physical, digital, and biological spheres”
fonte: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respondCyber physical
systems
“Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are
based on networked embedded
software systems, which connect
computational entities in a
collaborative manner with
physical entities of the real
world to achieve an overall
purpose.”
Fonte: http://www.bicc-net.de/aktivitaeten/aktivitaet/cyber-physical-systems/Cyber physical
systems
“Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are
based on networked embedded
software systems, which connect
computational entities in a
collaborative manner with
physical entities of the real
world to achieve an overall
purpose.”
“Together with available
content and services on the
World Wide Web, they build
networks of systems that
integrate with the physical
environment.”
Fonte: http://www.bicc-net.de/aktivitaeten/aktivitaet/cyber-physical-systems/Embedded systems
(es.: airbag)
Adattato da:Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda
Cyber-Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.25. Herbert Utz Verlag.Networked Embedded systems
(es.: veicoli autonomi)
Embedded systems
(es.: airbag)
Adattato da:Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda
Cyber-Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.25. Herbert Utz Verlag.Cyber Physical systems
(es.: comando intersezione
stradale “intelligente” )
Networked Embedded systems
(es.: veicoli autonomi)
Embedded systems
(es.: airbag)
Adattato da:Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda
Cyber-Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.25. Herbert Utz Verlag.Internet of Things, Data and Services
(es.: “Intelligent Transportation Sytems” )
Cyber Physical systems
(es.: comando intersezione
stradale “intelligente” )
Networked Embedded systems
(es.: veicoli autonomi)
Embedded systems
(es.: airbag)
Adattato da:Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda
Cyber-Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.25. Herbert Utz Verlag.Le parole e le cose
Le parole e le cose • Smart cities • Intelligent transportation systems • Smart factories • Industry 4.0 • Smart health • …
Le parole e le cose • Smart cities • Intelligent transportation systems • Smart factories • Industry 4.0 • Smart health • … ~ cfr Cibernetica
Uno scenario
“paradisiaco”
Fonte:Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda Cyber-
Physical Systems (agendaCPS). Herbert Utz Verlag.Fonte:Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda Cyber- Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.39. Herbert Utz Verlag.
lenge is that it is not possible to assume an ideal scenario Scenario
where everyone involved is connected to everyone else and (4) While Frau Müller is driving towards the motorway
along a minor road, other cars connected with her own
all the relevant information is exchanged. It is therefore nec-
Figure 2.3: Illustration of networking and adaptive real-time coordination of vehicles and smart infrastructure in a dangerous situation
39
Fonte:Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda Cyber-
Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.39. Herbert Utz Verlag.SCH
ULE
semi- changeover autonomous changeover to semi-
Start autonomous to autono- driving semi-autono- autonomous Destination
driving mous mode mous mode driving
150
120
100
Fonte:Geisberger, E., & Broy, M. (Eds.). (2015). Living in a networked world: Integrated research agenda Cyber-
Physical Systems (agendaCPS), p.41. Herbert Utz Verlag.which then drives fully autonomously on the motorway. This ing of road users with each other and the associated con-
ensures a safe and efficient journey in traffic where space tinuous exchange of information about vehicles’ current po-
Figure 2.5: Illustration of automatic lane mode change to let an emergency vehicle through
150
120
100
Scenario step 9
■ Autonomous driving lane
150
120
Scenario step 10 100
■ Autonomous driving lane
■ Emergency vehicle lane
42Uno sguardo
all’ambiente
Adattato da: World Economic Forum report: Intelligent Assets, Unlocking the Circular Economy Potential, 2016Uno sguardo
all’ambiente
Dati dalle cose
• Posizione
• Condizioni
• Disponibilità
Adattato da: World Economic Forum report: Intelligent Assets, Unlocking the Circular Economy Potential, 2016Uno sguardo
all’ambiente
Dati dalle cose L’uso delle cose
• Posizione • Ciclo di vita
• Condizioni • Tasso di utilizzo
• Disponibilità • Ri-uso
• Rigenerazione
Adattato da: World Economic Forum report: Intelligent Assets, Unlocking the Circular Economy Potential, 2016Uno sguardo
all’ambiente
Dati dalle cose L’uso delle cose
• Posizione • Ciclo di vita
• Condizioni • Tasso di utilizzo
• Disponibilità • Ri-uso
• Rigenerazione
Adattato da: World Economic Forum report: Intelligent Assets, Unlocking the Circular Economy Potential, 2016Uno sguardo
all’ambiente
Dati dalle cose L’uso delle cose
• Posizione • Ciclo di vita
• Condizioni • Tasso di utilizzo
• Disponibilità • Ri-uso
• Rigenerazione
Adattato da: World Economic Forum report: Intelligent Assets, Unlocking the Circular Economy Potential, 2016Uno sguardo
all’ambiente
Dati dalle cose L’uso delle cose
• Posizione • Ciclo di vita
• Condizioni • Tasso di utilizzo
• Disponibilità • Ri-uso
• Rigenerazione
Adattato da: World Economic Forum report: Intelligent Assets, Unlocking the Circular Economy Potential, 2016Uno sguardo
all’ambiente
Dati dalle cose L’uso delle cose
• Posizione • Ciclo di vita
• Condizioni • Tasso di utilizzo
• Disponibilità • Ri-uso
• Rigenerazione
Adattato da: World Economic Forum report: Intelligent Assets, Unlocking the Circular Economy Potential, 2016Economia circolare Adattato da: World Economic Forum report: Intelligent Assets, Unlocking the Circular Economy Potential, 2016
(Le parole e le cose)
Economia Circolare
~
Ecologia industrialeIoT abilitante di un’ economia circolare ?
IoT abilitante di un’ economia circolare ? In che modo?
IoT abilitante di un’ economia circolare ? In che modo? Con quali rischi ?
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