IL MERCATO UNICO DIGITALE EUROPEO: UNA STRADA NON ANCORA PRESA ?
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GRUPPO TELECOM
Università ITALIA
di Urbino
22 Novembre 2016
Urbino, 22 novembre 2016
IL MERCATO UNICO DIGITALE EUROPEO:
UNA STRADA NON ANCORA PRESA ?
Lorenzo Pupillo, TIM *
NON ANCORA PRESA ? *
Lorenzo Pupillo*
Regulatory Affairs and Equivalence
*I contenuti di seguito presentati rappresentano solo il punto di vista dell’autore e non coinvolgono TIM
MERCATO
..difficoltà per chi vende
per chi acquista ……
Le preoccupazioni maggiori di chi acquista da un paese all’altro sono: costi di
spedizione (27%), costi di rispedizione (24%), tempi di consegna (23%) etc.
UNICO Fattori di scala 500 milioni di abitanti rispetto ai 320 milioni degli USA Un impatto sul GDP Europeo di 415 miliardi di euro (European Parliament Research Service 2015) Il digitale permette di raggiungere grandi numeri di clienti potenziali ( MICRO‐ MULTINAZIONALE!!) AMAZON as DIGITAL UTILITY
DIGITALE 1/2 L’economia digitale coinvolge oggi molte industrie e settori: le telecomunicazioni, il commercio, la finanza e le assicurazioni, i media, i trasporti, la sanità, l’energia , il settore alberghiero , l’istruzione, etc. L’economia digitale si caratterizza per molte delle proprietà dell’economia tradizionale ( economie di scala e di scopo, - alti costi fissi e costi marginali vicino allo zero- esternalità di rete, mercati a più versanti), ma con un’accentuazione molto più spinta di queste caratteristiche ( si pensi alla combinazione della presenza di esternalità di rete sia dal lato della domanda che da quella dell’offerta che porta molto spesso al modello «the winner takes all!) Ma l’economia digitale si caratterizza anche per nuove proprietà come l’economics of attention, cioè per l’abbondanza piuttosto che per la scarsità di informazioni. Questo implica che come dice il premio nobel Herbert Simon « A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention» e che di conseguenza il ruolo degli aggregatori di informazione e il consenso informato dei consumatori nelle transazioni acquista un valore centrale con tutte le conseguenze sui temi dell’aggregazione dei dati, del trust, della profilazione ,etc
DIGITALE 2/2 E’ evidente quindi che, pur potendo dire che i cambiamenti caratterizzano oggi più la tecnologia che le leggi economiche è necessario evidenziare la necessità che sia la regolamentazione che le norme antitrust affrontino in modo differente l’economia digitale rispetto a quanto fatto fino ad oggi. Le piattaforme che si caratterizzano per definizione come mercati ad almeno due versanti e che quindi implicano scelte di produzione e di prezzo congiunte tra i due versanti, richiedono, per esempio, che l’antitrust analizzi i due versanti simultaneamente, altrimenti è facile arrivare a conclusioni sbagliate. I mercati dell’ICTs si caratterizzano in modo distintivo rispetto ai mercati dei prodotti tradizionali molto più vicini alle commodity. L’ecosistema digitale si caratterizza soprattutto per: a) modularità ( i prodotti e i servizi digitali sono basati sulla combinazione di input complementari come applicazioni, contenuti e apparati), b) forti esternalità di rete sia dal lato della domanda che da quello dell’offerta, che comportano una crescita veloce dei mercati e della presenza di imprese leader in essi; c) competizione dinamica ( le imprese competono soprattutto nell’innovazione di prodotto, nell’ingresso e nella creazione di nuovi mercati e nell’uso di nuove tecnologie per l’offerta di servizi esistenti ma a prezzi più bassi). Tutto questo, molto spesso comporta una concorrenza NON NEL MERCATO (Esistente) ma PER IL MERCATO (completamente nuovo). Le regole antitrust, quindi devono tener presente queste caratteristiche. La complessità degli ecosistemi digitali aumenta l’incertezza regolatoria, rende più difficile da parte dei regolatori la valutazione delle performance del mercato e l’individuazione di soluzioni, rendendo la regolamentazione esistente obsoleta.
Servizi di telecomunicazioni ..anni ‘’90 !!!!
L’ ECOSISTEMA DI INTERNET DI OGGI !!!! Fonte: A.T. Kearney analysis “A Viable Future Model for the Internet”
Telecom Single (Internal) Market: una idea che
viene da lontano… 1/2
1998: Primo Pacchetto Telecom: liberalizzazione dei servizi di
telecomunicazione e misure di armonizzazione per la creazione di un
Telecom Single market
Controllo dei prezzi al dettaglio
Obblighi sul Servizio Universale
Controllo dei prezzi all’accesso ( Direttiva sull’Interconnessione, ULL, etc)
Sviluppo di una competizione basata sui servizi e non sulle
infrastrutture
Telecom Single (Internal) Market: una idea che viene da
lontano… 2/2
2002: Secondo Pacchetto : quadro complessivo di misure per rafforzare la
concorrenza e far sviluppare le infrastrutture.
5 Direttive ( Framework , Authorization, Access, Universal Service,
ePrivacy )
Introduzione dello schema: 1) Analisi del mercato; 2)identificazione della posizione
dominante; 3) definizione dei rimedi
Identificazione di 18 mercati rilevanti candidati alla regolamentazione ex-ante
2009: Terzo Pacchetto:
Regolamenti sul Roaming ( 2007, 2009)
Creazione del Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC)
Fase 2 sui rimedi. ( Maggiore pressione da parte della Commissione ma no veto power)
Spettro: Neutralità tecnologica e di servizio e spectrum trading and sharingIL TELECOM SINGLE MARKET …NON ESISTE
(ANCORA ) !!!
2007 : La Commissaria per l’Information Society Viviane Reading « Two
decades after we started to open national markets formerly dominated by
state owned monopolies, to competition, we still do not have an internal
market for telecoms «
2010 : La nuova Commissaria per l’agenda digitale , Neelie Kroes al Mobile
World Congress . « Europe is still a patchwork of national markets . We no
longer have queues of lorries at frontiers but we are still very far from
achieving a Digital Single Market»IL TELECOM SINGLE MARKET …NON ESISTE ANCORA !!!
ENORMI DIFFERENZE DI PREZZO TRA I SERVIZI
Fonte : Pelkmans & Renda 2011IL TELECOM SINGLE MARKET …NON ESISTE ANCORA !!!
A BROADBAND DIVIDE : ENORMI DIFFERENZE NELL’OFFERTA DI SERVIZI
A LARGA BANDA
Fonte : Pelkmans & Renda 2011Perché i due pacchetti Telecom non hanno creato il mercato
unico ?
Eccessiva enfasi sull’approccio nazionale ai mercati ( 500 analisi di mercato
nazionali )
Mancata armonizzazione legata alla mancanza da parte della Commissione
del potere di veto sui rimedi ( art 7 della procedura)
Regulatory Gap legato all’assenza di un vero regolatore unico in Europa (
ERG, BEREC…) : «nè carne né pesce»
Problemi legati alle policy sugli investimenti infrastrutturali
Poteri sullo spettroThe current European institutional setting
Directives
Regulations
Recommendations
Guidelines
Regulatory Regulatory
guidance European guidance
BEREC(1) RSPG(2)
Commission
Article 7 procedure
on market analysis
NRAs
(1) Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
(2) Radio Spectrum Policy GroupMarket Analysis: Art.7 procedure
► NRAs must notify to the European Commission (EC), the Body of
Phase I European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) and other
NRAs the findings of their analyses of the competitiveness of markets
susceptible of ex‐ante regulation
►The Commission can open an extended investigation (Phase II) if it has
serious doubts
►Market definition and SMP: the Commission has a veto power
Phase II ►Remedies: the Commission has no veto powerEU POLICY SUGLI INVESTIMENTI
I Telecom Packages hanno fallito:
EU ha perso la leadership che avevano con il 3G a favore degli USA con
il 4G
Sostanziale mancanza di investimenti soprattutto nelle reti in fibra e
accessi 4G
Eccessiva enfasi sui prezzi ( Accesso/Make or Buy)
Politiche sul consolidamentoCONFRONTO USA EU SUGLI INVESTIMENTI 1/2 Source: Yoo ( 2015)
CONFRONTO USA EU SUGLI INVESTIMENTI 2/2 Source: Yoo (2015)
Modelli di sviluppo digitale a confronto: meno operatori più reti
Diversi livelli di consolidamento di mercato Diversi livelli di copertura nelle principali aree mondiali
COPERTURA UBB FISSA Ultimo dato disponibile*
SUD COREA 98%
GIAPPONE 94%
≥ 50 Mb/s USA 85%
13* ≥ 30 Mb/s UE 62%
RETE FISSA
OPERATORI ATTIVI
>300* ITALIA 32%
* Italia 03/2015 – UE Q4 2013 – Altri 2014
* USA: operatori con copertura in almeno 20 stati Fonte GSMA: 2014
COPERTURA UBB MOBILE
* UE: operatori di rete fissa e operatori con un accordo di unbundling
SUD COREA 100%
GIAPPONE 99%
4** RETE MOBILE
OPERATORI ATTIVI
>100** USA 98%
** USA: 4 operatori hanno il 95% del mercato (9 operatori totali) ITALIA 80%
** UE: conteggiata la presenza degli operatori in ogni singolo mercato nazionale
UE 75%CONTENT REGULATION
Regole sul commercio elettronico: una combinazione di direttive e regolamenti scritti e gestiti dai
vari direttorati della CE con l’obiettivo non di UNIFICARE le legislazioni nazionali ma di
ARMONIZZARLE per creare le condizioni per un mercato unico digitale.
3 aree di interesse : SALES, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, DATA E CONSUMER PROTECTION gestite
attraverso una serie di direttive framework:
2001 E-Commerce Directive
2001 Copyright Directive
1995 Data Protection Directive
2011 Consumer Rights Directive
E-Commerce Directive :
Principio del «paese di origine»: se il servizio è legale nel paese di origine, allora lo è anche in
quello di destinazione
Responsabilità degli Intermediaries: pure conduit !
Audio-Video Media Services Directive (AVMSD) che coordina il settore audiovisivo in Europa :
sistema due corsie: televisione lineare e on demand con regole separate.
Fonte : Andrej Savin ( 2015)LIMITI DELLA CONTENT REGULATION
Il framework per il Commercio Elettronico ha offerto un quadro di riferimento stabile ma
permangono notevoli criticità.
L’esistenza di un gruppo di direttive relative alle vendite, non nasconde il fatto che non esiste
una legge universale sui contratti
Le leggi sulla consumer protection nei fatti non proteggono i consumatori nelle transazioni
cross- border
Le misure di protezione dei consumatori che permettono la gestione del contenzioso nel
paese in cui sono domiciliati non tengono conto del fatto che i consumatori raramente si
riivolgono ai tribunali per queste operaizoni e che quindi dovrebbero esistere meccanismi
alternativi per risolvere le controversie.
Lo stesso discorso si può fare per il settore dell’audio-visivo: se è vero che è stato raggiunto un
certo grado di coordinamento nel settore in Europa, tuttavia non sono stati risolti i problemi di
fondo:
La grande quantità di contenuti americani consumati in Europa;
L’impossibilità di fra circolare liberamente e universalmente i contenuti in Europa
Le incertezze generate dalla concorrenza da parte degli OTT
Più in generale le difficolta collegate alla convergenza di tecnologie e di servizi : «does a video
service which runs on a mobile network fall under the telecom rules, e-commerce rules or both ?»
Fonte : Andrey Savin (2015)I grandi attori di Internet sono tutti… «Born in the USA»
Nei confronti degli USA il ritardo dell’Europa non è solo in termini di reti, ma soprattutto in termini di
squilibrio rispetto ai grandi attori del mondo Internet
I grandi attori di internet viaggiano
«sopra la rete» (Over the Top)
Le ragioni del successo mondiale
Economie di scala
Modello di business innovativo incentrato su
advertising mirato e valorizzazione dei BIG DATA
OTTs
? Servizi gratuiti finanziati da advertising
Ma anche…
RETE Assenza di regole negli USA su privacy, data
protection, sicurezza
Assenza costi per infrastrutture di rete
TELCOs In Europa invece
La privacy è un diritto inalienabileAsymmetry between OTT and Telcos
24Maggio 2010: THE DIGITAL AGENDA
Maggio 2010 - THE DIGITAL AGENDA : 16
Key Actions
Planned delivery date
A vibrant digital Single Market
Key Action 1: Simplify copyright clearance, management and cross-border licensing by:
• Enhancing the governance, 2010
transparency and pan-European licensing
for (online) rights management by
proposing a framework Directive on
collective rights management
• Creating a legal framework to facilitate 2010
the digitisation and dissemination of
cultural works in Europe by proposing a
Directive on orphan works, to conduct a
dialogue with stakeholders with a view to
further measures on out-of print works,
complemented by rights information
databases
• Reviewing the Directive on Re-Use of 2012
Public Sector Information, notably its
scope and principles on charging for
access and use.
Key Action 2: Ensure the completion of the Single Euro Payment Area (SEPA), 2010
eventually by binding legal measures fixing an end date for migration and facilitate the
emergence of an interoperable European eInvoicing framework through a
Communication on eInvoicing and by establishing a multistakeholder forum
Key Action 3: Propose a revision of the eSignature Directive with a view to provide a 2011
legal framework for cross-border recognition and interoperability of secure
eAuthentication systems
Key Action 4: Review the EU data protection regulatory framework with a view to 2010
enhancing individuals' confidence and strengthening their rightsMaggio 2010 - THE DIGITAL AGENDA : 16 Key Actions
Interoperability and standards
Key Action 5: As part of the review of EU standardisation policy, propose legal measures on 2010
ICT interoperability to reform the rules on implementation of ICT standards in Europe to
allow use of certain ICT fora and consortia standards
Trust and security
Key Action 6: Present measures aiming at a reinforced and high level Network and 2010
Information Security Policy, including legislative initiatives such as a modernised European
Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA), and measures allowing faster reactions in
the event of cyber attacks, including a CERT for the EU institutions
Key Action 7: Present measures, including legislative initiatives, to combat cyber attacks 2010 2013
against information systems by 2010, and related rules on jurisdiction in cyberspace at
European and international levels by 2013
Fast and ultra fast internet access
Key Action 8: Adopt a Broadband Communication that lays out a common framework for 2010
actions at EU and Member State to meet the Europe 2020 broadband targets, including:
• Reinforce and rationalise, in this 2014
framework, the funding of high-speed
broadband through EU instruments (e.g.
ERDF, ERDP, EAFRD, TEN, CIP) by 2014 and
explore how to attract capital for broadband
investments through credit enhancement
(backed by the EIB and EU funds);
• Propose an ambitious European Spectrum 2010
Policy Programme in 2010 for decision by the
European Parliament and the Council that
will create a co-ordinated and strategic
spectrum policy at EU level in order increase
the efficiency of radio spectrum
management and maximise the benefits for
consumers and industry
• Issue a Recommendation in 2010 to 2010
encourage investment in competitive Next
Generation Access networks through clear
and effective regulatory measuresMaggio 2010 - THE DIGITAL AGENDA : 16 Key Actions Research and innovation Key Action 9: Leverage more private investment through the strategic use of pre-commercial procurement and public-private partnerships , by using structural funds for research and innovation and by maintaining a pace of 20% yearly increase _ of the ICT R&D budget at least for the duration of FP7 Enhancing digital literacy, skills and inclusion Key Action 10: Propose digital literacy and _ competences as a priority for the European Social Fund regulation (2014-2020) Key Action 11: Develop tools to identify and 2012 recognise the competences of ICT practitioners and users, linked to the European Qualifications Framework and to EUROPASS and develop a European Framework for ICT Professionalism to increase the competences and the mobility of ICT practitioners across Europe
Maggio 2010 - THE DIGITAL AGENDA : 16 Key
Actions
ICT-enabled benefits for EU society
Key Action 12: Assess whether the ICT sector has 2011
complied with the timeline to adopt common
measurement methodologies for the sector's own energy
performance and greenhouse gas emissions and propose
legal measures if appropriate
Key Action 13: Undertake pilot actions to equip Europeans 2015- 2020
with secure online access to their medical health data by
2015 and to achieve by 2020 widespread deployment of
telemedicine services
Key Action 14: Propose a Recommendation defining a 2012
minimum common set of patient data for interoperability
of patient records to be accessed or exchanged
electronically across Member States
Key Action 15: Propose a sustainable model for financing 2012
the EU public digital library Europeana and digitisation of
content
Key Action 16: Propose a Council and Parliament Decision 2012
to ensure mutual recognition of e-identification and e-
authentication across the EU based on online
'authentication services' to be offered in all Member States
(which may use the most appropriate official citizen
documents – issued by the public or the private sector)11 september 2013 : TSM Regulation Proposal –
the institutional governance reform
► On 11 September 2013, the EC published a draft Regulation aimed at
achieving the goal of a Telecom Single Market (TSM).
► Amongst other things, it proposes:
► a “light” BEREC reform;
► Commission veto powers on remedies for SMP operators operating under
an EU authorisation;
► new rules on Spectrum including Commission veto power on spectrum
right of use assignment.European Parliament position
► On April 3, 2014 the European Parliament, voted a set of amendments to TSM
Regulation among which:
1) deletes the Commission veto power on remedies;
2) deletes the BEREC reform;
3) reinforces NRA’s autonomy by defining NRA’s minimum competences;
4) confirms the reform on spectrum and adds a minimum 25 years duration for
spectrum right of use assignment;
5) requires the Commission to review the entire EU Regulatory Framework by 30
June 2016 (no review of BEREC explicitly requested).
31The previous EC proposals for regulation review
2002 Review 2009 Review TSM Regulation
Proposed Result Proposed Result Proposed EP
Veto power on market
Yes Yes Yes Yes ‐ ‐
definition and SMP
Veto power on remedies Yes No Yes No Yes No
Power on spectrum Yes
Yes Yes Yes
No (Pan European No
assignment (veto power)
Authorization)
(veto power) (veto power)
European Regulatory High Level BEREC with more
Com. Group
No EECMA BEREC autonomy
No
Authority
*European Electronic Communications Market AuthorityA new EC and a new Digital Single Market Strategy
A new European Commission took office in November 2014, approved by a
new elected European Parliament (May 2014)
The new EC adopted on 6 May 2015 the Digital Single Market (DSM)
Strategy that «aims to open up digital opportunities for people and business
and enhance Europe’s position as a world leader in the digital economy»
The DSM Strategy is built on three pillars and includes a set of targeted
actions to be delivered by the end of 2016 (it’ll be some time before the EC
proposals translate into actual changes in EU law)
Will it be an improvement or a real step change ?
33A Strategy for the Digital Single Market 1/2
EC President Junker’s political guidelines three pillars
We will need to have the courage to break down
national silos in telecoms regulation, in copyright and
data protection legislation, in the management of radio
Better online access for
waves and in the application of competition law.
consumer and business to on-
line goods and services across
We can ensure that consumers can access services, Europe
music, movies and sports events wherever they are in
Europe and regardless of borders
Creating the right condition for
digital network and service to
We can create a fair level playing field where all flourish
companies offering their goods or services are subject
to the same data protection and consumer rules Maximising the growth
potential of our European
By creating a connected digital single market, we can
Digital Economy
generate up to € 250 billion of additional growth
thereby creating hundreds of thousands of new jobs
34A Strategy for the Digital Single Market 2/2
PILLAR ACTION
1. Harmonization and simplification of consumer and contract law for online purchases
of digital content (2015)
2. Review of the Regulation on Consumer Protection Cooperation (2016)
Better access for 3. More efficient and affordable parcel delivery (2016)
consumer and 4. End of unjustified geo-blocking through the review of e-Commerce Directive and of
business to on-line Services Directive (2015)
goods and services 5. Antitrust competition inquiry into the e-commerce sector in the EU (2015)
6. Review of the copyright framework to improve access to digital content (2016)
across Europe
7. Review of the Satellite and Cable Directive (2015/2016)
8. Reduction of the administrative burden businesses face from different VAT regimes
(2016)
9. Review of the TLC regulatory framework to ensure effective spectrum coordination,
and common EU-wide criteria for spectrum assignment at national level; create
Creating the right incentives for investment in UBB; ensuring a level playing field for all market players
(TLC operators and OTT) (2016)
condition for digital
10. Review of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (2016)
network and service
11. Comprehensive assessment on the online platforms (2015)
to flourish 12. Review of the e-privacy Directive (2016)
13. Privat Public Partenersip on Cybersecurity (2016)
14. European free flow of data initiative to promote the free movement of data in the EU
(2016)
Maximising the 15. Definition of priorities for standards and interoperability in areas critical to the DSM,
growth potential of such as e-health, transport planning or energy (smart metering) (2015)
our European 16. Support an inclusive digital society where citizens have the right skills to seize the
Digital Economy opportunities of the Internet. New e-government action plan to connect business
registers across Europe and ensure businesses and citizens only have to
communicate their data once to p.a. (2016)TREND DELL’AUGMENTED INTELLIGENCE AGE OR
AUGMENTED AGE
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: disrupts the nature of advice, that is better at
everyday tasks like driving, health care and basic services than humans
DISTRIBUTED, EMBEDDED EXPERIENCES that are embedded into the
world and devices around us enable frictionless, contextualised service,
products, advice. Everything will have a chip inside it, will sync with the
cloud and interface with humans and other computers.
SMART INFRASTRUCTURES: improvements that radically change the way .
energy is delivered, goods and people are moved (drones, solar energy,
electric vehicles..)
GENE EDITING AND HealthTech are going to eadically change the way we
think about health care. Hereditary diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s
etc, will be eliminated within two decades.FIRST PILLAR :Better access for consumer and
business to on-line goods and services across
Europe
Focus on:
Geoblocking
Review of the copyright framework to improve access to digital
content (2016)
FintechDSM: Geo-Blocking
Geo‐blocking or geoblocking is the practice of Geo‐blocking is sometime used to
restricting access to content based upon the user's redirect online shoppers to a local
geographical location website which offers the same
products at higher prices, which can
be illegal under EU law.
Another type of geo‐blocking occurs
when media companies prevent
consumers from watching online
content like films or tv series in a
territory where the company has not
acquired licenses.
The commission has agreed to
eliminate “unjustified geo‐blocking”.
The definition of “unjustified” is yet to
Tackling geo‐blocking be defined.
In 52% of all attempts at crossborder orders
the seller does not serve the country of the consumer “The EU’s internal market and geo‐
blocking cannot coexist.” Andrus Ansip,
less clients, EU Vice‐President for Digital Single
less revenues Market
for companies
Commission s’ Cross Border
Portability ProposalDSM: Copyright
Copyright is critically important to the European Union because it affects media,
cultural, and knowledge industries.
The Commission’s objective is to modernise copyright and ensure the right balance between
creators' and consumers' interests. This will give people better access to culture, support
cultural diversity, and open new doors for artists and creators.
‐Widening and harmonizing
exceptions and limitations
‐Unified rules across Europe for
Commission’s innovative ways to generate value
Proposals with data and data mining
‐Pan european license for contentFINTECH
«All business that use innovative operational, technological or business models designed to
address merging issues in the financial services industry» ( Association France Fintech)
It includes personal finance management services, equity financing or crowdfunding platforms,
money transfer services, InsurTech, etc.
Private investment in Fintech climbed from $4bn in 2013 to $19bn in 2015 and estimates for
spending over the next three to five years stanf at $150bn.
The United States is where the bulk of investments in FinTech were concentrated in 2015:
totalling $12bn, followed by Europe ($4bn) and the APAC region ($3bn) (Digiworld n. 103)
Within 20 years ,may banks will physically disappear and all operations will be done online.
Paper and signatures have no future in the banking world
MOVEN https://moven.com/ «the bank of the future» !!!! It redefines people’s relationship with
their money
In the EU direct cross border activities in the retail financial sector have been negligible . For
example in the euro area only 0,8% of retail loans for households were extended on a cross-
border basis in 2013 . The only exceptions is Luxemburg (31,6%) with large group of commuters.
The low market share can be explained by the presence of several obstacles. Natural barriers like
geographical distance and languages to structural barriers like difference sin regulation, taxation,
infrastructures and institutional framework.POTENTIAL FOR CROSS-BORDER MARKET ACROSS RETAIL
FINANCIAL SEGMENTS IN THE EU
Source : Study on the role of digitalisation in teh creating a true singe market for retail financial
services and insurances . EU (2016)BLOCKCHAIN
A blockchain is a decentralized ledger that relies on cryptographic algorithms and economic
incentives in order to ensure the integrity and legitimacy of every transaction. A copy of the
blockchain is shared amongst all nodes connected to the network, which comprises the history
of all valid transactions. Each transaction is recorded into a “block” which is appended
sequentially to the previous block of transactions. In order to prevent anyone from tampering
with past transactions, the blockchain acts as append-only ledger –i.e. once information has
been recorded onto the blockchain , it can no longer be edited or deleted. The result is a long
chain of blocks that represents the whole chain of transaction ever since the first genesis
block. The blockchain can thus be regarded as a secure database that comprises a public log of
all transactions which have been thus far validated by the network. In view of its decentralized
nature, the security of the blockchain and the validity of every transaction can only be ensured
through distributed consensus (i.e. through nodes verifying the integrity and legitimacy of each
block, independently of any trusted third party) (Primavera De Filippi , 2016)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJ2cMN2rnQQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Zp37zarSQc
BLOCKCHAIN APPLICATIONS
: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFfCh0AUDTw
Energy, etc
Estonian Governments has decides to offer blockchain notarization services to e-residentsSECOND PILLAR :Creating the right condition for digital
network and service to flourish
• FOCUS ON :
• CYBERSECURITYCYBERSECURITY
Cyberspace: a backbone of
digital society & economic growthCybersecurity incidents are
increasing at an alarming pace
with potentially profound effect on daily
functioning of society & economy,
both online and offline
…as well as financial theft, loss of intellectual property, data breaches, etc.What does this mean in practice? The survival of strong European cybersecurity industry all together is at stake!
Cybersecurity is also an opportunity!
TODAY
TOMORROWCybersecurity contractual Public-Private
Partnership (cPPP)
• Stimulate the
competitiveness and
innovation capacities of the
digital security and privacy
industry in Europe
• Ensure a sustained supply of
innovative cybersecurity
products and services in
Europe H2020 = legal framework for the establishment of the cPPP
H2020 LEIT‐ICT to focus on technology‐driven digital security building blocks and horizontal
requirements
H2020 Societal Challenge 'Secure Societies' to deliver societal benefits for users of technologies
(citizens, SMEs, critical infrastructures…).
H2020 public funds to be matched by private sector investment
49THIRD PILLAR :Maximising the growth potential of
our European Digital Economy
:
• FOCUS ON : ICT, JOBS & SKILLSCurrent challenges Rough Structural Changing economic unemployment demographics recovery
Autor and Dorn (2012):U‐shaped curve
(employment by skill level)
Autor and Dorn 2012
The Growth of Low Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the U.S. Labor MarketAreas with significant job losses
• Postal Service Mail Carriers ‐11%
• Meter Readers, Utilities ‐17%
• Travel Agents ‐46%
• Data Entry Keyers ‐54%
• Telephone Operators ‐71%
US data. Source: Robert Atkinson, OECDGrowth in personal services: Child care
2000 2010
398 090 631 240
US data, Source: Robert Atkinson, OECDTechnology leads to labour market transformations
Technological upheavals 1930 2000
Technological upheavals: Internet
New high skilled ICT jobs
Data scientists
App developers
Engineers
Transformed jobs with
new ICTs
Jobs in traditional
sectors but workers
need reskilling and
retraining to take
advantage of new ICTs
Displaced (Lost,
Outsourced)
Some workers will not
be able to make the
transition and will be
displaced. Need social
policies.SKILLS IN EUROPE
• NEW HIGH SKILLED ICT JOBS :
• Over the period 2000-2012 ICT employment growth was 4.3% per year more than 7 times
higher than the total employment growth over this period.
• Regarding the demand for digital skills a recent study among CEOs showed that concerns
regarding the availability of key skills have grown significantly, reaching 73% of
respondent.
• In the UK alone the demand for big data specialists is expected to rise by 160% over the
period 2013 to 2020.
• Employment of ICT professionals is resistant to economic downturns and ICT professionals
contribute to increased productivity in firms. It has been estimated that by 2020 the
shortage of ICT professionals will amount to up to 825.000if no decisive action is taken. In
the EU only the app developer work force will grow from 1 million in 2013 to 2.7 million in
2018.
• RETRAINING
• Currently 39% of EU citizens have only low or not digital skills. About 18% of the EU population
has never used the Internet.
• There is also a significant shortage of employees who combine specialised and soft skills as
entreprenership, business and management skills
• GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE PRIVATE & THE PUBLIC SECTOR, Grand Coalition for
Digital Jobs , Coding Initiative, etcMOOCs
Massive Open Online Courses
• Coursera: Nearly 4 million registered users
• 390 open courses
• 83 partner universitiesProposta di Nuovo Codice delle Comunicazioni
Elettroniche Europee + Comunicazione Gigabit
Society (14 Settembre 2016) 1/3
• Target 2025 sulla Connettività a Larga Banda
• I Principali motori socioeconomici :connettività simmetrica a 1Gbps
• Tutte le famiglie europee, nelle zone rurali o urbane, dovrebbero avere
accesso ad una velocità di download di almeno 100Mbps
• Tutte le aree urbane e le principali direttrici di traffico dovrebbero avere
una continuità di copertura 5 G. Come obiettivo intermedio il 5G dovrebbe
essere implementato in almeno una grande citta di ogni stato membroProposta di Nuovo Codice delle Comunicazioni
Elettroniche Europee + Comunicazione Gigabit
Society (14 Settembre 2016) 2/3
• Double –lock veto della CE e del BEREC sulle decisioni delle NRA relative ai
rimedi
• Possibilità le NRA di non imporre obblighi regolatori in caso di
coinvestimento
• Spettro: maggiore protagonismo della CE e delle NRA per armonizzarne la
gestione . Maggiore spazio allo spettro non licenziato, allo sharing e
trading.Proposta del Nuovo Codice delle Comunicazioni
Elettroniche Europee + Comunicazione Gigabit
Society (14 Settembre 2016) 3/3
• Servizi di comunicazione: La CE riconosce che ci sono alcuni servizi forniti
dagli OTT che hanno funzionalità equivalenti a quelli forniti dalle telco pur
non essendo soggetti alle stesse regole.
• REVISIONE degli ECS (Electronic Communication Service,) includendo 3
categorie di servizi: (i) Internet Access Services (IAS, (ii) Communication
Services (CSe (iii) Servizi consistenti principalmente o interamente nel
trasporto dei segnali. La maggioranza delle misure per il cliente finale (es:
accesso ai servizi di emergenza, portabilità del numero, interoperabilità) si
applicheranno solo a IAS e CS che utilizzano risorse di numerazione (quindi
i servizi voce tradizionale ma anche SkypeIn e SkypeOut). Non si
applicheranno invece quando la numerazione è utilizzato solo come
identificativo dell’utente (e.g. Whatsapp e chiamate Skype-Skype).
• Il BEREC viene trasformato in un’agenzia europea.CONCLUSIONI • ANDANTE… MODERATO !!!!
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