Silvia Novello - Highlights in Epidemiology, gender differences, prevention & screening

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Silvia Novello - Highlights in Epidemiology, gender differences, prevention & screening
Highlights in
  Epidemiology, gender
differences, prevention &
        screening

                     Silvia Novello
               silvia.novello@unito.it
           www.womenagainstlungcancer.eu
Silvia Novello - Highlights in Epidemiology, gender differences, prevention & screening
Epidemiology
Silvia Novello - Highlights in Epidemiology, gender differences, prevention & screening
US Data

      https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html
Silvia Novello - Highlights in Epidemiology, gender differences, prevention & screening
US Data

      https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html
Silvia Novello - Highlights in Epidemiology, gender differences, prevention & screening
LC in Patients Younger than 40 Years: A Prospective
           Multicenter Analysis in France

                                -   N= 146 Jan 2011-Dec 2013
                                -   Median age: 38 yrs (34–40)
                                -   Women 41%
                                -   Adenoca 77%
                                -   Family history 55%
                                -   Current or past smoker
                                    tobacco: 85%
                                -   Current or past smoker
                                    cannabis: 50%
                                -   Stage IIIb/IV: 82%
                                -   Median OS stage IV: 10.3 mo
                                -   KRAS 25.5%, Alk 14%, EGFR
                                    8%

                                          Bigay-Gamé L. et al, Oncology 2018
Silvia Novello - Highlights in Epidemiology, gender differences, prevention & screening
Numeri del Cancro 2017: incidenza 0-49 aa

            https://www.aiom.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2018_NumeriCancro-operatori.pdf
Silvia Novello - Highlights in Epidemiology, gender differences, prevention & screening
Numero nuovi casi per
                        Numeri del Cancro 2018                                Numero decessi
Regione (2018)                                                             per Regione (2015)

                          https://www.aiom.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2018_NumeriCancro-operatori.pdf
Silvia Novello - Highlights in Epidemiology, gender differences, prevention & screening
Numeri del Cancro 2018 – Incidenza e Mortalità

                              -1.6%
                              -1.9%

                                                                                 +3.7% (3% 2017)
                                                                                 +0.7%

https://www.aiom.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2018_NumeriCancro-operatori.pdf
Silvia Novello - Highlights in Epidemiology, gender differences, prevention & screening
Numeri del Cancro 2018 - Istologia(incidenza)

https://www.aiom.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2018_NumeriCancro-operatori.pdf
Silvia Novello - Highlights in Epidemiology, gender differences, prevention & screening
Numeri del Cancro 2018- Sopravvivenza a 5 aa

https://www.aiom.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2018_NumeriCancro-operatori.pdf
Numeri del Cancro 2018- Sopravvivenza a 5 aa

https://www.aiom.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2018_NumeriCancro-operatori.pdf
Screening
Control arm:
                                                           214 lung cancer
                                                           deaths
                                                           Screen arm:
                                                           157 lung cancer
                                                           deaths

Harry J. de Koning, Erasmus MC, Public Health Rotterdam

 Harry J. de Koning, Erasmus MC, Public Health Rotterdam
Gender Differences
Gender Difference and LC: the neverending
                 story

                                                         «Our results suggest that women have an
                                                         increased susceptibility to lung cancer
                                                         compared with men, given the same
                                                         lifetime smoking exposure»

                                                                         Hansen MS et al, Am J Epidemiol. 2018
                                                         «Our results confirmed    that gender is an
                                                         independent prognostic factor in patients
                                                         with SCLC.»

                                                                                    Lim JH et al, PLOS One 2018

- Lower expression of nuclear ER-b in women supports the estrogen hypothesis in lung
cancer etiology.
- Increasing cytoplasmic ER-a and ER-b and decreasing PR protein expression may be
mechanisms whereby smoking disrupts hormone pathways.             Cheng D et al, JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2018
Gender Difference and LC: the neverending
story

                                            Pinto JA, et al. ESMO Open 2018
Gender Difference and LC: the neverending
story

                                            Pinto JA, et al. ESMO Open 2018
Prevention (Risk Factors)
IL fattore di rischio: problema NON risolto
IL fattore di rischio: problema NON risolto
Il trend delle vendite di tabacchi lavorati in Italia:
      DIVIETO DI FUMO NEI
                                               anni 2003-2017
           LOCALI PUBBLICI

* dal 2010 AAMS rileva i volumi dei trinciati separando quelli destinati alla fabbricazione delle sigarette RYO
A che età si inizia a fumare?
(analisi secondo
il sesso)

     Età media       18,4                           18,0   18,9
% tra i 15 ed i 20
             anni
                     71,3                           74,8   66,3

                       Iniziato prima dei 15 anni
Prevalenza dei fumatori secondo le indagini DOXA condotte
            fra il 2009 e il 2018 per classi d’età

   Età media
   fumatori:                                     Var. ass. 2017-2018
                                                 15-24 anni +2,1
   45,8 anni                                     25-44 anni +2,5
                                                 45-64 anni +1,3
                                                 65+ anni     -1,3

               OSSFAD – Indagine DOXA-ISS 2018
DISTRIBUZIONE PERCENTUALE DEI FUMATORI IN BASE
ALL’ABITUDINE AL FUMO (N.SIGARETTE/DIE) ED ALL’ETA’

             OSSFAD – Indagine DOXA-ISS 2018
L’uso della sigaretta elettronica
Base: Tutti gli Adulti

                                                              In Italia gli utilizzatori
       Occasionalmente + abitualmente (%)                    (abituali + occasionali)
                                                             di e-cig sono circa 1,1
                                                                       milioni

                           OSSFAD – Indagine DOXA-ISS 2018
L’uso della sigaretta elettronica
Lei usa la «sigaretta elettronica» o altri dispositivi elettronici per svapare (usa
e getta, o con cartucce di ricambio pre-riempite o ricaricabile con apposito
liquido) anche solo occasionalmente?

                                                                                      Dati % in trend
                                                                                      user attuali:
                                                 Il 75,3% degli user sono fumatori;
                                                  il 17,3% sono ex-fumatori;
                                                 Il 7,4% non ha mai fumato
Sigaretta elettronica:
Utilizzo esclusivo o utilizzo combinato
      con la sigaretta tradizionale?

      OSSFAD – Indagine DOXA-ISS 2018
Can e-cigarettes be a smoking cessation instrument?

                         Versus                    Versus

Nicotine e-cigarettes             Nicotine patch            PLACEBO e-cigarettes

 Quit rates at 6 months: 7.3% vs 5.8% vs 4.1%, NOT STISTICALLY SIGNIFICATNT
The new generation of tobacco products – The «Pod Mod» E-Cigarette
            Small, rechargeable devices that aerosolize liquid solutions containing nicotine,
                                     flavoring, and other contents
                                                                       - Pod mods may deliver high levels of nicotine (2-10
                                                                       fold higher than conventional e-cigarettes)
                                                                       - Juul’s website indicates that there is 0.7 ml of
                                                                       nicotine per pod, equal to 20 combustible cigarettes
                                                                       - Easy to use
                                                                       - May deliver an addictive dose of nicotine without
                                                                       an aversive user experience
                                                                       - 80% of 15-to-24-year-olds who try Juul continue
                                                                       using the product
                                                                       - 63% of 15-to-24-yearolds surveyed did not know
                                                                       that nicotine is present in all Juul products
Barrington-Trimis JL, et al. N ENGL J MED, 2018; Willett JG, et al. Tob Control 2018
Other Risk Factors
Lung cancer mortality attributable to
second hand smoke (SHS) exposure in Germany

                                • lung cancer deaths per
                                  year: about 47,000
                                • estimated number of never
                                  smokers: 6000 (13%)
                                • attributable to SHS: 167
                                  (
Cancer Incidence in Europe and Nutritional Factors

       prostate, breast,
       white blood cells,
       and melanoma

  gross domestic product (GDP)
per capita, cholesterol and
a high intake of animal products

                                   Grasgruber P et al, Frontiers in Oncology 2018
Cancer Incidence in Europe and Nutritional Factors

       prostate, breast,
                                    cancers of the
       white blood cells,
                                    digestive tract
       and melanoma

  gross domestic product (GDP)
                                   alcoholic beverages,
per capita, cholesterol and
                                      lard, and eggs
a high intake of animal products

                                        Grasgruber P et al, Frontiers in Oncology 2018
Alcol: dati PASSI 2013-2016 (aa18-69)
– GLI STILI DI VITA –
       FUMO E CONSUMO DI ALCOL
       Hai consumato birra nel corso
             dell’ultimo anno?
                                FUMATORE     FUMATORE
NON FUMATORE    PROVATO A
                               OCCASIONALE   ABITUALE
                 FUMARE

        OSSFAD – Indagine ISS - Explora 2018
– GLI STILI DI VITA –
           FUMO E CONSUMO DI ALCOL
              Hai consumato superalcolici nel corso
                                dell’ultimo anno?
                                FUMATORE     FUMATORE
NON FUMATORE      PROVATO A    OCCASIONALE   ABITUALE
                   FUMARE

         OSSFAD – Indagine ISS - Explora 2018
– GLI STILI DI VITA –
                        FUMO E CONSUMO DI ALCOL
Quante volte nell'ultimo mese è capitato di
bere fino a perdere il controllo
                                 PROVATO A          FUMATORE       FUMATORE
         NON FUMATORE
                                  FUMARE           OCCASIONALE      ABITUALE

        Mai              93,9%

   1-2 volte    5,0%

3 volte o più   1,1%

                            OSSFAD – Indagine ISS - Explora 2018
Another risk factor…..RADON
            International recommendations

                                  Risk         Radon              Actions

                                  low       < 74 Bq/m3               -

                                  medium   74-148 Bq/m3   Actions are recommended

                                  high     > 148 Bq/m3      Actions are needed

All homes < 300 Bq/m3
Another risk factor…..RADON

      -   the interquartile range for radon levels was 53-184
          Bq/m3
      -   median radon level in Galicia was 104 Bq/m3 versus 56
          Bq/m3 for Spain as a whole

                    G. López-Abente et al. ; Science of the Total Environment 2018

              - valore della concentrazione media è risultato
              pari a 70 Bq/m3,
              - media mondiale: valutata intorno a 40 Bq/m3
              - media europea: circa 59 Bq/m3

                                http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/temi/radioattivita-
                                ambientale/Radon/la-situazione-in-italia
Another risk factor…..RADON

- they included cohorts that had not smoked
- in Galicia, women tend to spend more time indoors (housewives)
- consume more water than do men

                                  G. López-Abente et al. ; Science of the Total Environment 2018
Mezquita L.
http://citizensforradioactiveradonreduction.org
Achieving Thoracic Oncology data
      collection in Europe

                    • countries having a data collection
                      programme for lung cancer in
                      addition to a Cancer Registry:
                      Denmark, England and Wales,
                      Germany, Hungary, The
                      Netherlands, Norway, Scotland,
                      Slovenia.
                    • countries having a specific thoracic
                      surgery database: France, The
                      Netherlands, Norway
                    • no universal national data
                      collection for lung cancer: Albania,
                      Bosnia Herzegovina, Italy, Spain,
                      Switzerland
                                      Rich A et al, BMC Cancer 2018
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