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Elenco delle pubblicazioni del Think Tank del PE https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank Criteri di ricerca utilizzati per generare l''elenco : Ordina Mostra per data Parole chiave "partenariato pubblico-privato" 59 Risultati(i) Data di creazione : 26-04-2022
Discarico per il bilancio 2018 – Agenzie decentrate e imprese comuni dell'UE Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi Data 11-05-2020 Autore LILYANOVA Velina Settore di intervento Controllo dei bilanci Parole chiave audit finanziario | bilancio generale (UE) | commissione PE | controllo finanziario | Corte dei conti europea | organismo dell'UE | partenariato pubblico-privato | raccomandazione (UE) | relazione d'attività | ripartizione del finanziamento dell'UE | scarico del bilancio Riassunto Nella tornata di maggio, nel contesto della procedura di discarico per l'esercizio finanziario 2018, il Parlamento europeo voterà sul discarico di 32 agenzie decentrate e 8 imprese comuni dell'UE per l'esecuzione del bilancio per l'esercizio 2018. La commissione per il controllo dei bilanci propone di concedere il discarico a tutte le agenzie decentrate e le imprese comuni ma sottolinea al contempo vari ambiti che devono essere migliorati. In sintesi ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL Public or Private? The Future of Money Tipo di pubblicazione Analisi approfondita Data 15-11-2019 Autore esterno Alexander KRIWOLUZKY, Chi Hyun KIM Settore di intervento Problemi economici e monetari Parole chiave banca centrale | emissione monetaria | moneta elettronica | partenariato pubblico-privato | valuta virtuale Riassunto Stablecoins issued by large tech companies pose a significant challenge for traditional fiat money. In this study, we highlight the importance of a public-private-cooperation in dealing with this topic, where central banks closely work with stablecoin issuers in issuing synthetic central bank digital currency (sCBDC). This framework minimizes the risks of private money and utilises the technological advantages of stablecoin issuers. This document was provided by Policy Department A at the request of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. Analisi approfondita EN Contribution to growth: European Public Procurement Tipo di pubblicazione Studio Data 15-01-2019 Autore esterno Christopher BOVIS Settore di intervento Adozione della legislazione da parte del PE e del Consiglio | Diritto UE: sistema e atti giuridici | Mercato interno e Unione doganale | Pianificazione preventiva | Protezione dei consumatori | Valutazione del diritto e delle politiche nella pratica Parole chiave aggiudicazione d'appalto | amministrazione elettronica | appalto elettronico | appalto pubblico verde | competitività | partenariato pubblico-privato | presentazione dell'offerta d'appalto | servizio pubblico | spesa pubblica | strategia di crescita dell'UE | sviluppo sostenibile Riassunto This study evaluates the objectives of legislative actions in the area of public procurement during the 7th and 8th legislature and assesses the contribution of current initiatives to the achievement of EU objectives. This document provides for a critical analysis of the legal framework of the public procurement regime and identifies the future potential of European public procurement.. This document was prepared by Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy, at the request of the Committee for the Internal Market and Consumer Protection. Studio EN Adapting to new digital realities: Main issues and policy responses Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data 19-04-2018 Autore BENTZEN Naja | NEGREIRO ACHIAGA Maria Del Mar | REILLON Vincent | SAJN Nikolina | SZCZEPANSKI Marcin Settore di intervento Democrazia UE | Mercato interno e Unione doganale | Pianificazione preventiva | Politica di ricerca | Problemi economici e monetari | Protezione dei consumatori Parole chiave cloud computing | competitività | consultazione pubblica | dati personali | diffusione delle innovazioni | disinformazione | Internet | Internet delle cose | media sociali | mercato unico digitale | numerizzazione | partenariato pubblico-privato | protezione dei dati | rete d'informazione Riassunto Digital technologies have changed the way we live and transformed the world around us at unprecedented speed. They have affected all important aspects of life, both at work and at home, and have influenced almost everything from human relations to the economy, to the extent that access to the internet has now become a basic human right recognised by the United Nations. This profound change presents both opportunities and threats to our society. Citizens need specific skills and access to be able to meaningfully take part in society and work. European businesses need an adequate policy framework and infrastructure to capture the enormous value created by the digital economy. Supporting innovation, removing barriers in the digital single market, and effectively managing and using data are the necessary tools to assist them and boost economic growth in Europe. The European Union takes an active part in shaping the digital economy and society, with cross policy initiatives that range from boosting investment, through reforms of copyright and e privacy, to removal of geo-blocking and development of e-government. This multifaceted approach is necessary to facilitate adaptation to complex new realities. The European Parliament, as co legislator, is involved in shaping the policy framework which will help citizens and businesses fully utilise the potential of digital technologies. Briefing EN, FR 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 1
Interim evaluation of Horizon 2020 Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data21-03-2018 AutoreREILLON Vincent Settore di interventoBilanci | Politica di ricerca Parole chiave aiuto di Stato | controllo degli aiuti di Stato | diffusione delle informazioni | metodo di valutazione | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica di cooperazione | programma quadro di ricerca e sviluppo | trasparenza amministrativa Riassunto As required by the regulation, the interim evaluation of Horizon 2020 – the European Union (EU) framework programme (FP) for research and innovation – began in October 2016 with a public consultation to gather feedback from stakeholders three years in. The Commission performed its own mid-term evaluation and asked experts to evaluate the programme's specific instruments. In parallel, the European Parliament, the Council of the EU and the advisory committees conducted their own, separate evaluations of the programme. The Commission adopted its conclusions on the interim evaluation of Horizon 2020 in January 2018, confirming that the programme was relevant and presented clear EU added value. Implementation was considered to be efficient and the first results suggested that the programme was also effective in reaching its objectives. The integration of research and innovation and the Horizon 2020 pillar structure provided for greater internal coherence compared with previous framework programmes. All the evaluations highlighted four key issues to be addressed by the next FP. First, the programme budget needs to match better the funding required to bring the success rate back to acceptable levels. Second, the unbalanced distribution of FP funding across the EU raises concerns regarding the impact of the use of the excellence criterion and calls for changes to enable the various EU funds to generate more synergistic effects so as to maintain EU competitiveness and promote EU cohesion in research and innovation. Third, the evaluations highlight the will to improve the shared, multi-level governance between the EU, Member States and regions and to promote the co- design and co-construction of the FP with the public and civil society. Finally, there is widespread agreement that the EU research and innovation funding landscape has become too complex and should be streamlined, questioning the EU added value of each of the instruments and partnerships. Briefing EN New ways of financing transport infrastructure projects in Europe Tipo di pubblicazioneStudio Data 01-03-2018 Autore KRITIKOS Michail Autore esterno EPRS, DG; Settore di intervento Ambiente | Sviluppo regionale | Trasporti Parole chiavedimensione transfrontaliera | finanziamento | fondo (UE) | gestione finanziaria | inquinamento automobilistico | investimento | partenariato pubblico-privato | pedaggio | rete di trasporti | rete transeuropea | strategia di crescita dell'UE | veicolo elettrico Riassunto This study assesses a range of mechanisms to finance transport infrastructure projects in cross-border regions, and analyses the strategic role that European Groupings of Territorial Cohesion (EGTC) could play in the planning and implementation of cross-border investments. Special attention is given to often neglected small-scale projects, whose investment is up to €1 million. Building on an in-depth literature review, and supported by interviews with various regional cooperation structures and an experts’ workshop, the study analyses the current situation regarding the availability of financing tools for new technologies that enhance transport infrastructure in cross-border regions. It also outlines sources of financial support that could meet investment needs and assesses technological challenges and trends in the field of Intelligent Transport Systems, with a focus on regional interoperability. The study ends with suggestions of policy options to facilitate and accelerate cross border transport infrastructure projects. Studio EN Allegato 1 EN Stronger Bacteria. Weaker Antimicrobial, The fight against antimicrobial resistance in Europe through research, and the Andalusian PIRASOA program. Two examples of examples of success still to be completed Tipo di pubblicazione Analisi approfondita Data11-01-2018 Autore esterno José Miguel Cisneros Settore di interventoSanità pubblica | Valutazione del diritto e delle politiche nella pratica Parole chiave Andalusia | farmacologia | partenariato pubblico-privato | programma di ricerca | resistenza agli antimicrobici | sanità pubblica | sistema sanitario | sorveglianza dei medicinali | studio di fattispecie Riassunto The research is the key to the fight against Antimicrobial Resistance, but funding against the AMR in Europe is not acceptable because of the magnitude of the heath problem. In this context, in Andalusia (Spain), the PIRASOA Programme has been successfully implemented and developed, integrated into the daily clinical practice. The preliminary outcomes show a reduction of antimicrobial consumption and antimicrobial resistance and an improvement of antimicrobial prescription profile and. However, it is necessary to maintain professional motivation and more technical and human resources. Analisi approfondita EN 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 2
Research for REGI Committee - Public Private Partnerships and Cohesion Policy Tipo di pubblicazione Studio Data 15-11-2017 Autore esterno CSIL: Gianni CARBONARO, Gelsomina CATALANO, Laura DELPONTE, Silvia VIGNETTI supported by (case studies) Filippo ADDARII and Fiorenza LIPPARINI (PlusValue), Dariusz ZWIERZYNSKI Settore di intervento Sviluppo regionale | Valutazione del diritto e delle politiche nella pratica Parole chiave coesione economica e sociale | cooperazione regionale | fondo di coesione | investimento privato | investimento pubblico | partenariato pubblico-privato | programma dell'UE | ripartizione del finanziamento dell'UE Riassunto The objective of this study is to describe the role of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Cohesion Policy. The study finds that the use of PPPs in Cohesion Policy has been limited and concentrated in a number of Member States and sectors, in spite of favourable regulatory changes. Evidence shows that PPPs are useful instruments to implement projects on time and on budget, but the assessment of outcomes over the long-term period is still limited and not conclusive. Studio EN Towards food security in Africa: Are international private-public initiatives paving the way? Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data16-10-2017 AutoreLATEK Marta Settore di interventoAffari esteri | Sviluppo e aiuti umanitari Parole chiave Africa | aiuto alimentare | aiuto internazionale | OCSE | paesi terzi | partenariato pubblico-privato | penuria alimentare | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | sicurezza alimentare Riassunto The rise in global hunger in recent years undermines the perspective of 'zero hunger by 2030' set out in the United Nations Agenda 2030. Africa is particularly affected, with more than a quarter of its population living in a situation of severe food insecurity, and its agriculture suffering from major hindrances to production. Launched in 2012, the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition (NAFSN) is one of the international initiatives that have both raised high expectations and opened up controversy. Bringing together governments from both the North and the South, multinational firms and international agencies, it aims to boost investment in African agriculture so as to increase food security. Improved commercial seeds, use of inorganic fertilisers, infrastructure development and land-administration reforms are among the key elements of the project, underpinned by the use of public-private partnerships. After its first years of implementation, NAFSN proponents praise its market-oriented reforms and investments in the African countries involved. By contrast, its critics say that while paying lip service to smallholders, it serves the interests of corporate farming with no proven impact on food security. In 2016, the European Parliament voiced its concerns, pointing at a number of negative repercussions mainly on small-holders, and calling for a deep revamp of the NAFSN and the European Union (EU) support for agro-ecology based on small-scale farming. This briefing is a follow-up of an EP Library Briefing from October 2013. Briefing EN Towards a European gigabit society: Connectivity targets and 5G Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data09-06-2017 AutoreNEGREIRO ACHIAGA Maria Del Mar Settore di interventoIndustria | Politica di ricerca Parole chiave comunicazione mobile | industria delle telecomunicazioni | innovazione | Internet | mercato unico digitale | nuova tecnologia | partenariato pubblico-privato | programma dell'UE | rete di trasmissione | tecnologia dell'informazione | tecnologia digitale | telefono mobile Riassunto In September 2016, the Commission put forward new strategic connectivity objectives for 2025 as part of its digital single market strategy. These should prepare Europe for the roll-out of the next generation of broadband infrastructure with gigabit speeds, including both fixed and mobile internet access (5G). Once available, from 2020 onwards, 5G is expected to enable an array of new innovative services that will transform sectors such as manufacturing, energy, vehicle manufacturing and health, bringing them into the era of the internet of things. Given its importance for EU competitiveness, the Commission is speeding up 5G by co-financing research and development. The 5G-PPP public- private partnership is the largest initiative of its kind in the world, with €700 million in EU funding, to be topped up with private funding to reach a total budget of €3.5 billion by 2025. There is some concern that not all consumers and businesses in Europe will benefit from the gigabit society, given the current and future digital divide between urban and rural areas and across EU countries. For example if gigabit speeds and 5G are available only to areas with high demand, users are likely to be highly reluctant to pay for it as many new services will need continuity across borders and geographic areas. Progress in building the European gigabit society is expected once an updated EU telecoms framework is in place. This will enable high levels of investment in network infrastructure and increased policy coordination across Member States, for instance increasing spectrum harmonisation for 5G and co-investment of deployments. Both the proposed European Electronic Communications Code and the 5G action plan are of high importance for the Council and Parliament, and essential if the EU is to take the lead in the global 5G race. Briefing EN, FR 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 3
The European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA) Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data19-05-2017 AutoreZYGIEREWICZ Anna Settore di interventoRecepimento e attuazione del diritto | Sicurezza e difesa | Valutazione del diritto e delle politiche nella pratica Parole chiave Agenzia dell’Unione europea per la cibersicurezza | competenza istituzionale (UE) | consultazione pubblica | criminalità informatica | funzionamento istituzionale | Internet | Parlamento europeo | partenariato pubblico-privato | programma quadro di ricerca e sviluppo | regolamento (UE) | relazione d'attività | sicurezza europea | statistiche dell'UE Riassunto Information and communication technologies play an increasing role in modern-day life and in the creation of a digital society. To ensure further growth, significant investments in security are necessary. Cybersecurity is a growing concern for citizens, influencing their digital activity. It is also a significant cost for the economy. In 2015, the estimated worldwide economic impact of cyber-attacks reached US$500 billion. The cybersecurity market in Europe was estimated at €20.1 billion. The European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA) was established to support the EU and the Member States in enhancing and strengthening their ability to prevent, detect and respond to network and information security (NIS) problems and incidents. ENISA is part of the broader legal and policy environment, which includes the EU cybersecurity strategy and the recently adopted directive on security of networks and information systems across the EU. Briefing EN Joint Technology Initiatives Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi Data 17-05-2017 Autore REILLON Vincent Settore di intervento Mercato interno e Unione doganale | Politica di ricerca Parole chiave bilancio per la ricerca | finanziamento dell'UE | impresa comune europea | organizzazione della ricerca | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica di ricerca dell'UE | programma quadro di ricerca e sviluppo Riassunto Joint technology initiatives (JTIs) were set up as European institutional public-private partnerships to carry out the strategic research agenda of some established European technology platforms. Five JTIs were established under the 7th framework programme for research. Evaluation of these JTIs led to development of their legal framework to simplify their rules and procedures. Six JTIs are currently operational, receiving a €6.7 billion contribution from Horizon 2020. In sintesi EN European Technology and Innovation Platforms Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi Data 17-05-2017 Autore REILLON Vincent Settore di intervento Mercato interno e Unione doganale | Politica di ricerca Parole chiave energia dolce | iniziativa dell'UE | innovazione | nuova tecnologia | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica di ricerca dell'UE | politica industriale dell'UE | ricerca e sviluppo | ricerca energetica Riassunto Following the adoption of the European strategic energy plan (SET plan) in 2007, the European Commission proposed establishing European industrial initiatives (EII) as public-private partnerships to implement research agendas for the development and deployment of low carbon energy technologies. In 2015, the energy policy review under the energy union led to the EIIs merging with existing European technology platforms (ETP) to create nine European technology and innovation platforms (ETIP). They operate similarly to other ETPs, but are bound to SET plan implementation. In sintesi EN European Innovation Partnerships Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi Data 17-05-2017 Autore REILLON Vincent Settore di intervento Industria | Politica di ricerca | Problemi economici e monetari Parole chiave Commissione europea | iniziativa dell'UE | innovazione | organizzazione della ricerca | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica della ricerca | politica industriale dell'UE Riassunto The European innovation partnerships (EIP) were launched in the context of the innovation union flagship initiative in October 2010. They were set up with the aim to promote the implementation of a new innovation ecosystem in Europe. The EIPs were meant to act across policies, sectors and borders to tackle societal challenges and enhance Europe's competitiveness. A 2014 evaluation concluded that this objective would not be reached given the framework used for their implementation. With no evolution of their governance, the EIPs remain active as coordination instruments for research and innovation activities at EU level in their respective fields. In sintesi EN 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 4
European Technology Platforms Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi Data 17-05-2017 Autore REILLON Vincent Settore di intervento Mercato interno e Unione doganale | Politica di ricerca Parole chiave organizzazione della ricerca | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica di ricerca dell'UE | programma quadro di ricerca e sviluppo | ricerca e sviluppo Riassunto European Technology Platforms (ETP) were the first type of public-private partnership established in the research field at European level. These industry-led stakeholders' fora define and implement a strategic research agenda (SRA) aiming at aligning research priorities in a technological area. Without dedicated funding, ETPs remain coordination and advisory structures, helping to define the topics of research programmes at European, national and regional level. In sintesi EN Public-private partnerships in research Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data 17-05-2017 Autore REILLON Vincent Settore di intervento Mercato interno e Unione doganale | Politica di ricerca Parole chiave azione comune | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica di ricerca dell'UE | ricerca | tecnologia Riassunto The EU public-private partnerships (PPPs) in research were set up in the context of the development of European Research Area policy in 2003 with two main objectives. First, they were to address the fragmentation of research efforts between the private and public sector and across borders. Second, they were to increase public and private investment in research activities to reach the target of 3 % of EU gross domestic product. The first PPPs – the European Technology Platforms and the Joint Technology Initiatives – were developed to achieve these objectives. The initial focus of the PPPs on research activities was broadened in 2005 with the introduction of a more comprehensive view of innovation. The European Institute of Innovation and Technology and its Knowledge and Innovation Communities were set up to embody this new vision by promoting the integration of research, innovation and education activities. The 2008 financial crisis demanded swift action to support investments in research and led to the establishment of the rapidly implemented contractual PPPs. By 2010, the focus on technology challenges had been replaced by the need to tackle societal challenges. The European Innovation Partnerships provided a new tool to better address these challenges by integrating all the actors of the innovation process. Around 70 EU PPPs in research help define common priorities and visions for EU, national and regional research and innovation activities. However, the multiplication of PPPs created a new form of fragmentation with different types of PPPs focusing on similar fields. The 3 % target has not been reached (currently at 2.03 %). The share of private investment in research has stagnated at around 55 % since 2004, whereas the share of the budget of the EU framework programme for research (FP) dedicated to the PPPs has more than doubled (9.1 % for FP7 versus 21.5 % for Horizon 2020). All these aspects will have to be considered when setting the budget for the PPPs in FP9. Briefing EN Contractual public-private partnerships in research Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi Data 17-05-2017 Autore REILLON Vincent Settore di intervento Mercato interno e Unione doganale | Politica di ricerca | Questioni finanziarie e bancarie Parole chiave organizzazione della ricerca | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica di ricerca dell'UE | programma quadro di ricerca e sviluppo | ricerca e sviluppo Riassunto The first three contractual public-private partnerships in research were established as a tool to address the 2008 financial crisis. Their main feature is prior consultation of industry in defining the topics of the calls in the framework programme for research. This allows better alignment of the topics with industry needs, especially regarding demonstration projects, increasing the participation of private actors in the programme. The scheme, easier to establish than institutional public-private partnerships such as the joint technology initiatives, was extended under Horizon 2020 with a budget of €7.15 billion ring-fenced for 10 of these partnerships (almost 10 % of the programme's budget). In sintesi EN 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 5
Cybersecurity in the EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP): Challenges and risks for the EU Tipo di pubblicazione Studio Data 16-05-2017 Autore esterno EPRS, DG; Panagiotis Trimintzios, Georgios Chatzichristos, Silvia Portesi, Prokopios Drogkaris, Lauri Palkmets, Dimitra Liveri and Andrea Dufkova. Settore di intervento Sicurezza e difesa Parole chiave competenza istituzionale (UE) | cooperazione UE-NATO | criminalità informatica | drone | impresa privata | Internet | istituzione dell'Unione europea | NATO | organizzazione internazionale | paesi terzi | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica di sicurezza e di difesa comune | riqualificazione professionale | sicurezza europea | Stato membro UE Riassunto This report is the result of a study conducted by the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA) for the European Parliament’s Science and Technology Options Assessment (STOA) Panel with the aim of identifying risks, challenges and opportunities for cyber-defence in the context of the EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). Acceptance of cyber as an independent domain calls for the investigation of its integration with the EU’s current and future policies and capabilities. ENISA analysed the related literature and work on cybersecurity, including its own publications, to form the basis for this study. In addition, a number of stakeholders, experts and practitioners, from academia, EU institutions and international organisations, were consulted in order to ensure the study is well-founded and comprehensive. The study revolves around three thematic areas, namely: policies, capacity building, and the integration of cyber in the CSDP missions, with the last one being the main focus of the study. For each thematic area, we compile a set of policy options, covering different levels, starting from the EU’s political/strategic level and progressing down to the operational and even tactical/technical levels of the CSDP’s supporting mechanisms. These policy options are summarised in a separate options briefing document accompanying this study. Studio EN Allegato EN Allegato 2 FR Allegato 3 DE Documentation from the Workshop on Oversight and Resources of Partially and Fully Self-Financed Agencies Tipo di pubblicazione Studio Data 15-05-2017 Autore esterno Mr Silvano PRESA, Deputy Director General, DG BUDG DGA2, European Commission Mr Alberto SPAGNOLLI, Senior Policy Advisor, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA; EFSA chairs the EU Network of Agencies) Prof. Ellen VOS, Leading project partner, The Academic Research Network on Agencification of EU Executive Governance (TARN) Mr Martin EKVAD, President of the Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO) Mr Jean-Michel MASTIO, Deputy Director of Resources and support, Head of Finance and procurement department of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Settore di intervento Bilanci | Controllo dei bilanci | Democrazia UE, diritto istituzionale e parlamentare Parole chiave cofinanziamento | esercizio finanziario | finanziamento dell'UE | gestione delle risorse | governance multilivello | organismo dell'UE | partenariato pubblico-privato | personale | risorse di bilancio Riassunto The workshop aimed to address topics concerning fully and partially self-financed agencies related to both BUDG and CONT committees’ competences. With regards of the agencies' resources, the workshop looked into the principles of fee setting, and 5% cut and the redeployment pool vs. the need to provide timely services to industry, which is paying for them. From the point of oversight, items for discussion included the question of discharge procedure for fully self-financed agencies, provisions for prevention of conflict of interest in case of the fee collecting agencies, ECA financial audit outsourcing provisions, and the question of carryovers. Points of interest for both BUDG and CONT remain the questions of performance, efficiency and effectiveness, such as indicators for measuring outputs and ways to compare them across the agencies, developing synergies and shared services, and possible grouping or clustering of the agencies. Studio EN Cyber Security Strategy for the Energy Sector Tipo di pubblicazione Studio Data 05-12-2016 Autore esterno David Healey (Analysys Mason Limited), Sacha Meckler (nalysys Mason Ltd.), Usen Antia (nalysys Mason Ltd.) and Edward Cottle (nalysys Mason Ltd.) Settore di intervento Energia | Industria | Pianificazione preventiva | Politica di ricerca Parole chiave armonizzazione delle norme | attentato contro la sicurezza dello Stato | cooperazione europea | criminalità informatica | industria energetica | normalizzazione | partenariato pubblico-privato | scambio d'informazioni | sicurezza europea | tecnologia digitale | Ucraina Riassunto This study is provided by the Policy Directorate at the request of the ITRE Committee. The EU energy infrastructure is transitioning into a decentralised, digitalised smart energy system. Already, energy operations are increasingly becoming the target of cyber-attacks with potentially catastrophic consequences. Development of energy specific cyber security solutions and defensive practices are therefore essential. Urgent action is required, including empowering a coordination body, to promote sharing of incident information, development of best practice and relevant standards. Studio EN 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 6
European Leadership in 5G Tipo di pubblicazione Analisi approfondita Data15-11-2016 Autore esterno Colin BLACKMAN (Camford Associates Ltd ; CEPS) and Simon FORGE (SCF Associates Ltd.) Settore di interventoIndustria | Pianificazione preventiva | Politica di ricerca Parole chiave comunicazione mobile | industria delle telecomunicazioni | innovazione | Internet | investimento industriale | mercato unico digitale | nuova tecnologia | partenariato pubblico-privato | programma dell'UE | rete di trasmissione | strumento elettronico | tecnologia dell'informazione | tecnologia digitale | telefono mobile Riassunto Prepared by Policy Department A at the request of the European Parliament’s Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE), this report examines the concept for 5G, how it might fit in the future telecommunications landscape, the state of play in R&D in the EU and globally, the possible business models and the role of standards and spectrum policy, to assess the EU’s strategic position. Analisi approfondita EN The Joint Programming Initiatives Tipo di pubblicazioneIn sintesi Data 21-10-2016 Autore REILLON Vincent Settore di intervento Politica di ricerca Parole chiavegovernance | iniziativa dell'UE | partenariato pubblico-privato | programma di ricerca | programma quadro di ricerca e sviluppo | Stato membro UE Riassunto Joint programming is a process by which EU Member States establish a joint research strategy to tackle major societal challenges. The objective is to reduce research landscape fragmentation, and to align national research programmes and resources for more impact. Although the Member States launched ten Joint Programming Initiatives (JPIs) to implement this process, evaluation of the JPIs revealed that they lacked political and financial commitment to joint programming. In sintesi EN Research for TRAN Committee - Status Report on the Deployment of SESAR Tipo di pubblicazioneStudio Data 13-05-2016 Autore esterno Washington Yotto Ochieng (FREng) and Milena Studic Settore di intervento Trasporti | Valutazione del diritto e delle politiche nella pratica Parole chiaveaviazione civile | cielo unico europeo | controllo aereo | cooperazione tecnica | EFTA | Eurocontrol | impresa comune | mercato unico | Organizzazione per l'aviazione civile internazionale | partenariato pubblico-privato | piano di sviluppo | sicurezza aerea | spazio aereo | valutazione di progetto Riassunto This report captures the status of deployment of SESAR through the Pilot Common Project (PCP) in terms of state of play, costs and timeliness. It is concluded that the PCP implementation is on time and underpinned by a credible management structure. The expenditure to date through the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) mechanism is EUR 325.4 million, out of EUR 3 billion planned for 2014-2020. However, as the PCP implementation is at an early stage, the benefits are still to be quantified. Studio EN Scrutiny on Horizon 2020 Focusing on the European Parliament’s Priorities Tipo di pubblicazione Analisi approfondita Data 15-02-2016 Autore esterno Pinar TEMEL (rdyn Consultants), Pernilla SJÖGREN (akdene Hollins), Edward SIMS (akdene Hollins) and Sandra MEGE (rdyn Consultants) Settore di intervento Pianificazione preventiva | Politica di ricerca Parole chiave coesione economica e sociale | diffusione delle innovazioni | finanziamento dell'UE | Istituto europeo di innovazione e tecnologia | partenariato pubblico-privato | piccole e medie imprese | politica di ricerca dell'UE | professioni scientifiche | programma quadro di ricerca e sviluppo | pubblicazione ad accesso aperto | ricerca energetica | risultato della ricerca | uguaglianza di genere Riassunto This in-depth analysis provided by Policy Department A at the request of the ITRE committee, focuses on the European Parliament’s key priorities for the Horizon 2020 programme. It assesses the extent to which the EP’s key priorities have been implemented in the programme. It identifies measures, programmes and policy actions addressing these priorities, as well as bottlenecks in the implementation processes. It provides policy recommendations to improve the implementation of existing measures. Analisi approfondita EN 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 7
Industry 4.0 Tipo di pubblicazione Studio Data 15-02-2016 Autore esterno Jan SMIT (Centre for Strategy & Evaluation Services LLP), Stephan KREUTZER (Centre for Strategy & Evaluation Services LLP), Carolin MOELLER (Centre for Strategy & Evaluation Services LLP) and Malin CARLBERG (Centre for Strategy & Evaluation Services LLP) Settore di intervento Industria | Pianificazione preventiva | Politica di ricerca Parole chiave ammodernamento industriale | armonizzazione delle norme | creazione di posti di lavoro | impatto delle tecnologie dell'informazione | industria delle comunicazioni | innovazione | Internet | investimento industriale | norma di qualità | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica industriale dell'UE | proprietà intellettuale | riqualificazione professionale | sviluppo industriale | tecnologia digitale Riassunto This study, prepared by Policy Department A at the request of the ITRE committee, analyses the Industry 4.0 Initiative which encompasses the digitalisation of production processes based on devices autonomously communicating with each other along the value chain. It considers the potential of the initiative and business paradigm changes and impacts of this transformation. The study assesses the rationale for public intervention and outlines measures that could be adopted to increase the gains and limit the threats from Industry 4.0. Studio EN Research for REGI Committee - Services of General Interest in the Funding Period 2014-2020 Tipo di pubblicazione Studio Data 15-01-2016 Autore esterno Erik Gløersen, Marius Drăgulin, Silke Haarich, Sabine Zillmer, Frank Holstein, Cristian Lüer and Sebastian Hans (Spatial Foresight) Settore di intervento Pianificazione preventiva | Sviluppo regionale Parole chiave coesione economica e sociale | conseguenza economica | economia sociale | Fondo strutturale | meccanismo di finanziamento dell'UE | mercato unico | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica della concorrenza dell'UE | recessione economica | servizio d’interesse generale | squilibrio regionale | sviluppo regionale Riassunto The study analyses the role that SGI can play in the 2014-2020 programming period, and how the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) framework can impact them. It shows that the ESIF contributions to improved SGI provision can be strengthened through a focus on capacity building efforts and more integrated territorial approaches. SGI-related cohesion policy measures can, as a complement to European competition policy, help to build a social market economy in the European Union. Studio EN Horizon 2020 budget and implementation: A guide to the structure of the programme Tipo di pubblicazione Analisi approfondita Data03-11-2015 AutoreREILLON Vincent Settore di interventoPolitica di ricerca Parole chiave agenzia esecutiva | bilancio generale (UE) | Centro comune di ricerca | Commissione europea | esecuzione del bilancio | funzionamento istituzionale | Istituto europeo di innovazione e tecnologia | partenariato pubblico-privato | piccole e medie imprese | politica di ricerca dell'UE | programma quadro di ricerca e sviluppo | ricerca in seno all'impresa | sistema di finanziamento | spesa di ricerca (UE) Riassunto Horizon 2020, the current framework programme for research and innovation, inherited features from its predecessors, whilst simultaneously proposing a new architecture to support all activities in the research and innovation system – from blue-sky research to close-to-market applications. Including all these dimensions introduced several levels of complexity to the programme's implementation. Following the distribution of the budget – from the nine Commission Directorates-General which oversee Horizon 2020, to the 22 bodies which manage its implementation, along three main pillars and two specific objectives – this document provides a guide to the programme exploring the multiple levels of complexity. Analisi approfondita DE, EN, FR 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 8
EU-Brazil cooperation on internet governance and ICT issues Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data30-10-2015 AutoreLAZAROU Eleni Settore di interventoAffari esteri | Governance globale | Sicurezza e difesa | Spazio di libertà, sicurezza e giustizia Parole chiave Brasile | controspionaggio | cooperazione tecnica | dati personali | flusso transfrontaliero di dati | governance | Internet | materiale per le telecomunicazioni | partenariato pubblico-privato | protezione dei dati | regolamentazione delle telecomunicazioni | rete di trasmissione | Stati Uniti Riassunto Following revelations of large-scale Internet surveillance Brazil and the EU have become actively involved in the global debate on internet governance. Since early 2014 cyber policy has become part of the agenda of the EU-Brazil Strategic Partnership. The two have agreed on the need for support for inclusive and transparent internet governance based on a multistakeholder governance model, and are moving forward on a number of related bilateral initiatives in the 2015-2017 Joint Action Plan. In 2014, Brazil hosted the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on Future Internet Governance (NETMundial) which established principles on internet governance endorsed by both the EU and Brazil. These encompass inclusiveness, legitimacy, accountability, and global public interest. As a move towards greater independence of digital flows between Latin America and the Europe, the Brazilian government and the EU are developing a project to establish a public-private partnership to lay a submarine fibre-optic cable across the Atlantic Ocean, from Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil) to Lisbon (Portugal). Please click here for the full publication in PDF format Briefing EN Industry 4.0: Digitalisation for productivity and growth Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data22-09-2015 AutoreDAVIES Ron Settore di interventoIndustria Parole chiave ammodernamento industriale | armonizzazione delle norme | creazione di posti di lavoro | impatto delle tecnologie dell'informazione | industria delle comunicazioni | innovazione | investimento industriale | norma di qualità | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica industriale dell'UE | proprietà intellettuale | riqualificazione professionale | sviluppo industriale Riassunto Many observers believe that Europe is at the beginning of a new industrial revolution, considered to be the fourth such leap forward and hence labelled Industry 4.0. The ubiquitous use of sensors, the expansion of wireless communication and networks, the deployment of increasingly intelligent robots and machines – as well as increased computing power at lower cost and the development of 'big data' analytics – has the potential to transform the way goods are manufactured in Europe. This new, digital industrial revolution holds the promise of increased flexibility in manufacturing, mass customisation, increased speed, better quality and improved productivity. However to capture these benefits, enterprises will need to invest in equipment, information and communication technologies (ICTs) and data analysis as well as the integration of data flows throughout the global value chain. The EU supports industrial change through its industrial policy and through research and infrastructure funding. Member States are also sponsoring national initiatives such as Industrie 4.0 in Germany, the Factory of the Future in France and Italy, and Catapult centres in the UK. However challenges remain. The need for investment, changing business models, data issues, legal questions of liability and intellectual property, standards, and skills mismatches are among the challenges that must be met if benefits are to be gained from new manufacturing and industrial technologies. If these obstacles can be overcome, Industry 4.0 may help to reverse the past decline in industrialisation and increase total value added from manufacturing to a targeted 20% of all value added by 2020. Please click here for the full publication in PDF format Briefing EN Connecting Europe Facility Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data01-09-2015 AutorePAPE Marketa | PARRY Matthew | WILSON Alex Benjamin Settore di interventoBilanci | Energia | Trasporti Parole chiave innovazione | mobilità sostenibile | partenariato pubblico-privato | progetto di interesse comune | rete di trasmissione | rete di trasporti | rete energetica | rete transeuropea | sistema di trasporto intelligente | strategia di crescita dell'UE | strumento finanziario dell'UE | sviluppo sostenibile | telematica Riassunto The European Commission estimates that some €970 billion should be invested in trans-European transport, telecommunications and energy network infrastructure by 2020 if Europe is to reach its full potential in terms of growth and cohesion. The Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) is designed to contribute to this objective, through a mix of grants, procurement, financial instruments and project support. Briefing EN 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 9
Digitisation of Europe's film heritage Tipo di pubblicazioneBriefing Data 09-07-2015 Autore PASIKOWSKA-SCHNASS Magdalena Settore di intervento Cultura Parole chiavearchivio | armonizzazione delle norme | base di dati | cinema | diritto d'autore | fondo (UE) | numerizzazione | partenariato pubblico-privato | patrimonio culturale | produzione cinematografica | programma dell'UE | protezione del patrimonio | Stato membro UE | tecnologia digitale | trasformazione tecnologica Riassunto EU film heritage covers over 120 years of cinema history and its technological evolution. The recent digital shift has resulted in significant digitisation of film production and distribution chains. Consequently, films produced on other formats (for example, 35mm film or magnetic recording) can only be accessed if appropriate screening equipment is preserved and operational, or the material is digitised. This challenge has redefined the scope of the work and tasks performed by European film heritage institutions. These, mostly publicly funded, bodies have a mission to preserve European films and make them accessible. The process of film heritage digitisation comprises many stages, involving both technical and legal elements. The legal issues include copyright clearance, which enables authors, producers and other rights-holders to receive payment for use or exploitation of their work. Rights management systems vary considerably between EU Member States, as do the technical solutions applied for digitising, preserving and making such digital content accessible. These technical and legal disparities lead to difficulties and higher costs in cross-border or interinstitutional access to film heritage. As these issues are common to all Member States, solutions at EU level could allow mass digitisation of European film heritage, and improve the process, thus reducing costs. Since 2000, the European Commission and the European Parliament, together with the Council, have supported moves to foster cooperation in this field. European funding is available to co-finance such efforts. Briefing EN 'Shift to Rail' – Research for EU rail transport Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi Data 26-03-2015 Autore SCORDAMAGLIA Damiano Settore di intervento Politica di ricerca | Trasporti Parole chiave finanziamento dell'UE | impresa comune europea | industria ferroviaria | innovazione | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica comune dei trasporti | programma quadro di ricerca e sviluppo | rete transeuropea | struttura istituzionale | trasporto ferroviario Riassunto The EU is faced with major societal issues such as rising transport demand, traffic and road congestion, security of energy supply and cutting CO2 emissions. Greater reliance on rail transport and improvements to the sector's competitiveness and resource-efficiency could help tackle these problems. To this end, a new EU initiative for a public- private partnership, the 'Shift to Rail Joint Undertaking' (S2R JU), was established in 2014 under the Horizon 2020 programme, in order to boost and coordinate research and innovation in rail products, processes and services. In sintesi EN Addressing conflicts of interest in public-private partnerships (PPPs) Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data16-01-2015 AutoreSGUEO Gianluca Settore di interventoBilanci | Controllo dei bilanci | Diritto UE: sistema e atti giuridici | Mercato interno e Unione doganale Parole chiave commercio estero | conflitto di interessi | contratto pubblico | globalizzazione | partenariato pubblico-privato | politica di sviluppo | proprietà intellettuale | regolamento finanziario | sviluppo economico Riassunto The term 'public-private partnership' (PPP) is used to describe a broad and varied spectrum of cooperative relationships between public actors (governments, agencies and international organisations, or a combination thereof) and private actors (companies or not-for-profit entities). There is therefore no standard global definition of precisely what a PPP is. PPPs have increased in number over the past decade. This has given rise to concerns regarding the exposure of PPPs to the risk of conflicts of interest. Such risks may arise, for example, with the possibility that preference is given to national tenderers or applicants whenever a contract is awarded by the public contracting authorities; or through the possibility that weaker actors may be excluded from participating in a PPP because of the preference given a priori to stronger actors. The EU attempts to strike a balance by combining broad definitions of conflicts of interest with a number of legal tools tailored to identifying, managing and resolving specific conflicts. The legal tools currently in place to avoid conflicts of interest in this context can be divided into two broad categories. Hard- law tools include provisions for ensuring that public officials perform their duties in a fair and unbiased way. These rules apply along the entire decision-making process concerning PPPs. To complement such rules, a vast array of soft-law tools is also in place, including criteria to guide decisions of public actors on support to enterprises or financial intermediaries, support for internationally recognised guidelines and principles, and commitment towards voluntary initiatives to increased fiscal transparency. Briefing EN 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 10
Comparative Analysis of Risk Management Tools Supported by the 2014 US Farm Bill and the CAP 2014-2020 Tipo di pubblicazioneStudio Data 15-12-2014 Autore esterno Jean Cordier (UMR SMART-LERECO, Agrocampus Ouest INRA) Settore di intervento Agricoltura e sviluppo rurale | Pianificazione preventiva Parole chiavecalamità agricola | fluttuazione dei prezzi | mercato agricolo | Organizzazione mondiale del commercio | partenariato pubblico-privato | prezzo agricolo | prezzo dei prodotti agricoli | reddito dell'azienda agricola | riserva di bilancio (UE) | sostegno agricolo | Stati Uniti | studio comparativo Riassunto The 2014 Farm Bill includes risk management tools as an integral component of national agricultural policy whereas the CAP 2014-2020 seems to include them as an afterthought. While EU principles are sound, policies remain in limbo. They suffer from a double dichotomy: two CAP pillars and two administrative levels for implementation. Ten recommendations are proposed for transforming the current state of limbo for EU agricultural risk management policy into a coherent CAP linked to world markets. They cover (1) EU coordination between public safety nets and private risk management tools, (2) flexible funding with improved reserve funds and precautionary savings, and (3) field tests to take full advantage of the creativity of private-public partnerships and to create an experience curve. Studio DE, EN, FR Crowdfunding – an alternative financing option for SMEs Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi Data 25-11-2014 Autore WIDUTO Agnieszka Settore di intervento Industria Parole chiave comunità virtuale | creazione di imprese | finanziamento dell'impresa | giovane impresa | impatto delle tecnologie dell'informazione | partecipazione | partenariato pubblico-privato | piccole e medie imprese | ravvicinamento delle legislazioni Riassunto The economic and financial crisis has significantly reduced banks' lending to businesses. This gap in financing, coupled with the rise of social media and interactive online platforms, has contributed to the increased popularity of crowdfunding as a possible alternative source of funding. In this context, the European Commission adopted a communication on unleashing the potential of crowdfunding in the EU, as part of efforts to improve the long-term financing of enterprises and encourage innovation. In sintesi EN Review of Security Measures in the 7th Research Framework Programme FP7 2007-2013 Tipo di pubblicazione Studio Data 11-04-2014 Autore esterno Didier BIGO (CCLS – King’s College London, United-Kingdom), Julien JEANDESBOZ (CCLS – University of Amsterdam, Netherlands), Médéric MARTIN-MAZE (CCLS) and Francesco RAGAZZI (CCLS – University of Leiden, Netherlands) Settore di intervento Sicurezza e difesa | Spazio di libertà, sicurezza e giustizia Parole chiave applicazione dell'informatica | controspionaggio | impatto delle tecnologie dell'informazione | partenariato pubblico- privato | politica di ricerca dell'UE | politica industriale dell'UE | programma quadro di ricerca e sviluppo | protezione civile | protezione della vita privata | scienze sociali | sicurezza europea Riassunto Upon request by the LIBE Committee, this study analyses how the public-private dialogue has been framed and shaped and examines the priorities set up in calls and projects that have received funding from the European Commission under the security theme of the 7th Research Framework Programme (FP7 20072013). In particular, this study addresses two main questions: to what extent is security research placed at the service of citizens? To what extent does it contribute to the development of a single area of fundamental rights and freedoms? The study finds that security research has only partly addressed the concerns of EU citizens and that security research has been mainly put at the service of industry rather than society. Studio EN 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 11
Financing for Development Post-2015: Improving the Contribution of Private Finance Tipo di pubblicazione Studio Data 09-04-2014 Autore esterno Jesse GRIFFITHS (Eurodad, Belgium), Matthew MARTIN 'Development Finance International, the UK), Javier PEREIRA (A&J Communication Development Consultants, Belgium) and Tim STRAWSON (Development Initiatives, the UK) Settore di intervento Questioni finanziarie e bancarie | Sviluppo e aiuti umanitari Parole chiave aiuto agli investimenti | aiuto allo sviluppo | finanze pubbliche | finanziamento dell'aiuto | garanzia degli investimenti | investimento estero | investimento privato | movimento di capitali | paese in via di sviluppo | paese meno sviluppato | partenariato pubblico-privato | sistema di finanziamento Riassunto This overview of financing for developing countries finds that government spending is the largest domestic resource, domestic private investment is also growing, outflows of private financial resources are very large, real net financial private flows are overstated, and ODA is the largest flow to least developed countries. Global public finance cannot be directly substituted by private finance, as it pays for public goods, is more predictable and counter-cyclical, and can be targeted at the poorest countries. Global private finance mainly goes to higher income countries and has difficultly targeting MSMEs or paying for public services. Leveraging private finance has faced many problems including in proving additionality, intransparency and lack of ownership, and poor evidence of development impact. Instead, we should focus on how international public flows can reduce barriers to private sector investment through investing in essential services, and how the EU can alter policies including by reforming investment treaties, curbing illicit financial flows, supporting fair debt workout mechanisms and developing responsible financing standards. Studio EN Opportunity for food security in Africa? The New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition (NAFSN) Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data 07-10-2013 Autore LATEK Marta Settore di intervento Sviluppo e aiuti umanitari Parole chiave Africa | agricoltura sostenibile | cooperazione agricola | etica imprenditoriale | FAO | indipendenza alimentare | industria dei fertilizzanti | partenariato pubblico-privato | penuria alimentare | politica delle strutture agricole | programma alimentare mondiale | proprietà fondiaria agricola | riforma agraria Riassunto The G8's recent New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition (NAFSN) initiative is attracting more and more African states. Bringing together governments from both the North and the South, multi-national firms and international agencies, it aims to boost investment in African agriculture so as to increase food security. After its first year of implementation, NAFSN proponents praise its market-oriented reforms and investments in the six founding African countries. In contrast, both African and global NGOs remain sceptical, pointing to a number of negative repercussions mainly on small-holders. Briefing EN Innovative financial instruments for EU policies Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing Data 29-08-2013 Autore D'ALFONSO Alessandro Settore di intervento Bilanci | Questioni finanziarie e bancarie | Sviluppo regionale Parole chiave bilancio generale (UE) | euroemissione | infrastruttura economica | investimento | partenariato pubblico-privato | regolamento finanziario | strumento finanziario dell'UE | valutazione di progetto | verifica ispettiva Riassunto Unlike pure grants, innovative financial instruments (IFIs) are EU budget tools that trigger equity or debt funding, for example in the form of investments in share capital, loans or guarantees. Financial institutions and intermediaries are often involved in their implementation on behalf of the European Commission (EC). IFIs are not deemed to fit all kinds of public spending, but have features that make them attractive. Notably, they are expected to increase the impact of the EU budget by leveraging additional funding from other sources. In addition, IFIs generate income through amounts repaid by beneficiaries of funding that can be used for new operations in line with the same policy objectives. Briefing EN Proceedings of the Workshop on "Ubiquitous Digital Single Market" Tipo di pubblicazione Studio Data 14-06-2013 Autore esterno Giovanni Sartor (European University Institute of Florence), Yong Woo Lee (University of Seoul), Koji Ouchi (Mission of Japan to the European Union), Catherine Dickson (Mission of Canada to the European Union), Silver Tammik (Permanent Representation of Estonia to the EU), Nicola Westmore (G-Cloud), Henri Rauch (Kwaliteits Instituut Nederlandse Gemeenten), Mark Lange (Microsoft), Sameer Verma (SAP), Jakob Kucharczyk (CCIA Europa) and Jörgen Gren (DG CONNECT, European Commission) Settore di intervento Mercato interno e Unione doganale | Politica di ricerca Parole chiave amministrazione elettronica | Canada | Corea del Sud | Estonia | Giappone | memorizzazione dei dati | Paesi Bassi | partenariato pubblico-privato | Regno Unito Riassunto The last decade marked a move from electronic, through mobile to ubiquitous services, defined as intelligent services providing users with real-time access to collaboratively generated information, everywhere, at any time and on any device. The workshop presents leading examples of ubiquitous government services applied in South Korea, Japan, Canada, Estonia, the UK and the Netherlands, as well as ubiquitous market services, with the objective of considering how Europeans could benefit from ubiquitous government and market solutions. Studio EN 26-04-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 12
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