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SOSTENIBILITÀ ED ECONOMIA CIRCOLARE SONO LA
PANACEA PER LE SFIDE DEL SISTEMA
AGROALIMENTARE VERSO IL 2030? Francesco Caracciolo
- Sezione di Economia e Politica Agraria
Antonella Vastola 18 Settembre 2019
Sezione di Economia e Politica Agraria
24 Giugno 2020
antonellapalmina.vastola@unina.it
Il valore della diversità
TEMI DELL’INTERVENTO
Sostenibilità e economia circolare: Misurabilità Sfide e opportunità per il sistema
ambito di applicazione, similitudini agroalimentare
e differenze
Agriculture plays a critical
... growing faster than you realize
Demand for agricultural production over the next 30 years As a result, agriculture emissions are likely to increase
role in limiting the impact of
will likely be shaped by two primary factors:
Population reaching Per capita food
15–20%
climate change
consumption growth of
~10 billion 8–12% by 20503
agriculture sector accounts for a large, growing, and impactful share
IThe
ofNTRODUZIONE - Uemissions.
global greenhouse gas (GHG) N ATTORE CRUCIALE PER L’IMPATTO SUL CAMBIAMENTO CLIMATICO ³ Assuming current levels of production efficiency.
Agriculture is ... ... responsible for highly impactful emissions
... larger than you think Agriculture is a major emitter of Agriculture accounts for
Methane (CH₄) Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
Agriculture is one of the highest-emitting sectors. Cattle and dairy alone emit enough GHGs to put them
Total GHG emissions by sector, % (20-year AR5 GWP values) on par with the highest-emitting nations. 45% of CH₄ 80% of N₂O
2016 GHG emissions by country (top three GHGs), GtCO₂e² emissions emissions
Other Industry (20-year AR5 GWP values)
23.5 32.1
China 14
Cattle and dairy 8
Methane is the CH₄ is N₂O is
84× 264×
Power and
heat
United States 8 second-largest
17.6 Agriculture¹
26.8
Russia 5 contributor to climate more powerful than CO₂ in forcing temperature increases
¹ Including forestry, land use, fertilizer production, and electricity used in agriculture. ² Gigatonnes of equivalent carbon dioxide.
change. over a span of 20 years.
Major contributors to agriculture emissions include:
... challenging to address
Policy makers are not focused on agriculture emissions. There are billions of farmers to engage.
Enteric Manure Rice Fertilizer release On-farm Nitrogen fertilizer Deforestation
fermentation cultivation and runoff energy use production Globally, one in four
of agriculture emissions are
people are farmers.
Just 38% covered in nationally determined
contributions (NDCs) under the
Paris Agreement.⁴
... growing faster than you realize
⁴ Analysis based on 46 countries (with the European Union counted as one country),
Demand for agricultural production over the next 30 years As a result, agriculture emissions are likely to increase which contribute 90 percent of global agricultural emissions.
will likely be shaped by two primary factors: New farm practices and technologies need to reach
Billions of people need to change their behavior. small-scale farms around the world.
Population reaching Per capita food
15–20% Average global
1/3
consumption growth of Almost
by 20503
consumption of red
~10 billion 8–12%
meat is
3×
75% of farms are smaller
than three soccer fields.
³ Assuming current levels of production efficiency.
of all food produced in
the world is wasted.
the recommended level.
... responsible for highly impactful emissions
Agriculture is a major emitter of Agriculture accounts for All told, reducing agriculture emissions will require changing how we farm, what we eat,
Methane (CH₄) Nitrous oxide (N₂O) and how we manage our forests and natural carbon sinks.
45% of CH₄ 80% of N₂O Daniel Aminetzah is a senior partner in McKinsey’s New York office; Eric Bartels is a partner in the Zurich office; Nicolas Denis is a partner in the Brussels office;
Kimberly Henderson is a partner in the Washington, DC, office; Joshua Katz is a partner in the Stamford office; and Peter Mannion is a consultant in the Dublin office.
emissions emissions
Sources: “Understanding global warming potentials,” Environmental Protection Agency, epa.gov; Climate change 2013: The physical science basis, Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, 2013, ipcc.ch; Fifth assessment report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ipcc.ch; Rita Strohmaier et al., The agriculture sectors
in the intended nationally determined contributions: Analysis, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2016, fao.org; Dave Reay et al., “Global
agriculture and nitrous oxide emissions,” Nature Climate Change, May 2012, Volume 2, pp. 410–16; “Growing at a slower pace, world population is expected to reach
9.7 billion in 2050 and could peak at nearly 11 billion around 2100,” United Nations, June 17, 2019, un.org; FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Doppia 3 paradossi insostenibili ITA.pdf 1 05/11/2012 19:02:32
TRE PARADOSSI DEL NOSTRO TEMPO SU CIBO E NUTRIZIONE
INTRODUZIONE - I PARADOSSI DEL TERZO MILLENNIO SU CIBO E NUTRIZIONE L’ANALISI DEGLI SCENARI GLOBALI DEL NOSTRO TEMPO E LA LORO CONTINUA E RAPIDISSIMA
EVOLUZIONE METTONO IN EVIDENZA UN MONDO SEGNATO DA INSOSTENIBILI PARADOSSI
MORIRE PER FAME OB
ESE O IN SOV
R
DECESSI
E DENUT E
O PER OBESITÀ? OGGI RS
ON R
NEL MONDO
AP
N
1
SO
PE
868 1,5
IT
PE
PER
E
NEL
SO
Oggi nel mondo per ogni persona
malnutrita, ce ne sono due che OGNI ANNO
sono obese o in sovrappeso.
MONDO milioni miliardi PER
CARENZA
DI CIBO
36
ECCESSO
DI CIBO
PER OGNI PERSONA DENUTRITA 29
CI SONO DUE PERSONE OBESE milioni milioni
O IN SOVRAPPESO
NUTRIRE
C
PERSONE, ANIMALI, LA PRODUZIONE DI CEREALI NEL MONDO E IL LORO UTILIZZO*
2
M
OGGI 2020
Y O AUTOMOBILI? OGGI 2020
+17,3% -3,9% ALIMENTAZIONE
CM
Un terzo dell'intera produzione 47,4% 45,6% UMANA
alimentare globale è destinato
MY
CY
alla nutrizione del bestiame, mentre 2,245 miliardi t 2,633 miliardi t
CMY una quota crescente di terreni
agricoli è destinata alla produzione
di biocarburante: stiamo alimentando MANGIMI
+2,1%
K
32,9% 33,6%
le nostre automobili invece che le
nostre persone. POPOLAZIONE ANIMALI
OGGI 2020
*Ripartizione dell’utilizzo di cereali
in percentuale tra alimentazione
+10% +15% 6,6% 7,6% BIOCARBURANTI
animale, alimentazione umana
e produzione di biocarburante 7 miliardi 7,7 miliardi
ALIMENTARE
LO SPRECO 1/3 DELLA PRODUZIONE
1,3 DI CIBO SPRECATO IL SALDO DEL PIANETA
3
O SFAMARE
ANNUA MONDIALE
miliardi t È IN ROSSO OGGI
DI CIBO
GLI AFFAMATI? Oggi quello che viene
consumato è maggiore
1,5
Ogni anno nel mondo sono sprecate
1,3 miliardi di tonnellate di cibo,
FINISCE
NELLA
4 VOLTE di quanto si riesce
pianeti
ancora perfettamente commestibile, SPAZZATURA LA QUANTITÀ NECESSARIA a rigenerare.
mentre 868 milioni di persone PER NUTRIRE GLI 868 milioni
soffrono la fame. Per continuare a condurre
DI AFFAMATI lo stile di vita attuale 2050
avremmo bisogno
di 1,5 pianeti. 3
Tra quarant’anni ne pianeti
servirebbero 3
Fonte: Elaborazione BCFN su dati OECD/FAO 2011; OMS 2010; GLOBAL FOOTPRINT NETWORK 2012
FIXING FOOD 2018
BEST PRACTICE PER RAGGIUNGERE GLI OBIETTIVI DI SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE
ORIZZONTE TEMPORALE: 2030 E OLTRE …. AGENDA ONU 2030 PER LO SVILUPPO
SOSTENIBILE GLOBALE – 17 SDGS
Il 2030 è un orizzonte temporale:
ü di medio periodo per poter attuare strategie
efficaci;
ü di breve/brevissimo periodo per agire con
misure per tenere sotto controllo i danni al
clima del pianeta.
Entro il 2050:
Ø ONU - obiettivo zero emissioni; Redatto da
Ø Europa - armonizzazione degli interventi nei
diversi settori strategici garantendo l’equità
sociale.
ACCORDO DI PARIGI (2019)
I limiti nazionali fissati
(NDCs) non sono sufficienti
per raggiungere gli obiettivi
(GHGs) stabiliti per il 2030.
La sostenibilità
Antonella Vastola Editor
The Sustainability of
Agro-Food and Natural
Resource Systems in
■ Nel 1987, la Commissione Brundland (UN) giunse alla conclusione the Mediterranean
che lo sviluppo mondiale doveva cambiare e diventare più Basin
sostenibile per evitare che il divario tra i paesi industrializzati e
quelli in via di sviluppo si ampliasse ancora di più.
■ Lo sviluppo sostenibile è un processo finalizzato al raggiungimento
di obiettivi di miglioramento:
– ambientale: biodiversità, ecosistemi, spazi pubblici …
– economico: crescita economica, salari, posti di lavoro …
– sociale: qualità della vita, sicurezza, salute …
■ E’ un processo che risponde alle esigenze del presente senza
compromettere la capacità delle generazioni future di soddisfare le
proprie.
La transizione verso la sostenibilità
§ Paradossalmente, la consapevolezza di uno sviluppo che tenga conto delle istanze delle generazioni future
coincide con un periodo di scelte economiche neoliberiste:
– globalizzazione dei mercati finanziari, deregolamentazione dei sistemi bancari, incremento delle
tecnologie IT, delocalizzazione delle produzioni;
incremento dei consumi per beni non di prima necessità, un uso eccessivo delle risorse naturali e
un’inefficace risposta al riscaldamento globale e all’ingiustizia sociale i termini di ripartizione della
ricchezza.
§ Con la crisi economica globale del 2008, gli stakeholder (imprese, politici, organismi internazionali, Ong …)
maturano la consapevolezza di azioni per la transizione verso la crescita sostenibile.
§ Le scelte politiche, economiche, tecniche sono molteplici (Sustainability Transitions Research Network; Markard
et al.) e utilizzano strumenti/azioni:
§ tra loro sinergiche
§ che si sovrappongono
§ che sono complementari
che prese singolarmente rappresentano solo una parte della soluzione
Green, circular, bio economy: A comparative analysis of sustainability avenues | Elsevier Enhanced Reader 27/02/20, 10:50
La narrativa della transizione:
economia verde, economia
Green, circular, bio economy: A comparative analysis of sustainability avenues | Elsevier Enhanced Reader 27/02/20, 10:50
circolare e bio economia
Green, circular, bio economy: A comparative analysis of sustainability avenues | Elsevier Enhanced Reader 27/02/20, 10:50
ü La green economy è un concetto
«ombrello» che cerca di
conciliare obiettivi ambientali e
sociali.
ü Economia circolare e bio
economia si focalizzano su uso
delle risorse:
ü Economia circolare: come
si usano le risorse
ü Bio economia: quali risorse
sono utilizzate
Attualmente, la ricerca si orienta principalmente
nell’analisi e applicazione di soluzioni tecniche
rivolte ad un livello di decoupling relativo rispetto
alla crescita associata.
E’ auspicabile che si individuino soluzioni che
impiegano meno risorse in termini assoluti, rispetto
alla corrispondente crescita.
Criticità:
1. Soluzioni tecniche proposte dipendono ancora
dall’uso di risorse fossili.
2. Basso impatto sociale/etico e marginale
rispetto alle soluzioni proposte (eg. sviluppo
A comparative analysis of sustainability avenues | Elsevier Enhanced Reader
locale, creazione di lavoro, educazione …)
27/02/20, 10:50
3. Impatto sugli individui e le comunità locali i cui
mezzi di sostentamento dipendono ancora da
tecniche agronomiche/energetiche di tipo
convenzionale.
https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S095965261732042…06CE6F0FF0367CDCA291F51A8E8BC9479942CE8FB7832FA2C4E4308DE0 Pagin
https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S095965261732042…06CE6F0FF0367CDCA291F51A8E8BC9479942CE8FB7832FA2C4E4308DE0 PaginAN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DECOUPLING EFFECT IN ITALIAN AGRICULTURAL WASTE
Vastola, A. e Grippo, V. (in fase di sottomissione)
OBIETTIVO UE – La riduzione della produzione di
rifiuti senza ridurre la crescita economica.
Ø fissati dei target di riduzione dei rifiuti prodotti
per unità di PIL per raggiungere un
disaccoppiamento assoluto tra produzione di
rifiuti e crescita economica.
-5% per i rifiuti non pericolosi
-10% per i rifiuti pericolosi
In Italia si producono ogni anno circa 12 milioni di
tonnellate di scarti agro-alimentari, di cui circa 2/3
Risultati:
sono la frazione organica.
1. un effetto di disaccoppiamento relativo della produzione di
rifiuti dal prodotto interno lordo (PIL).
L’analisi vuole verificare qual è la fase di 2. Esiste una relazione inversa tra: produzione di rifiuti e valore
disaccoppiamento della produzione di rifiuti aggiunto e in particolare quello della produzione agricola
di origine agricola dal PIL. biologica.
3. E’ importante promuovere attività produttive più efficienti e
sostenibili rispetto all'uso delle risorse naturali per
accelerare l'effetto decoupling.E’ CIRCOLARE NON LINEARE …
Perché circolare …
Sfera biologica Sfera tecnologica
■ E’ rappresentata dai cicli fondamentali per la ■ Simbiosi industriale: alcune aziende
vita sul pianeta: acqua, ossigeno atmosferico utilizzano lo scarto della produzione di altre
etc. Ogni ciclo biologico è un flusso che come risorsa (input) riuso
interagisce con l’attività umana.
■ Economia dei servizi: si lavora per rallentare
■ Normalmente, i cicli possono convivere con il i cicli di utilizzo in modo da ritardare la
cambiamento ma è il tasso di cambiamento il produzione di rifiuti riciclo
problema cruciale.
■ Riciclo e riuso sono concetti che
■ L’economia circolare si impegna a gestire i appartengono alla sfera della sostenibilità.
flussi entro i loro livelli naturali riducendo:
– la rimozione di materiale da un ciclo;
– il rilascio di materiali in un ciclo.SOSTENIBILITÀ E
ECONOMIA
CIRCOLARE:
SIMILITUDINI E
DIFFERENZE764
SIMILI … M. Geissdoerfer et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 143 (2017) 757e768
Table 2 Sustainability was originally co
Selected similarities between sustainability and the Circular Economy. all three dimensions as equal a
Similarities between sustainability and the Circular Economy interventions should be priorit
! Intra and intergenerational commitments
ences. For instance, it is conce
! More agency for the multiple and coexisting pathways of development and industrial interventions wit
! Global models rich countries like Sweden, and
! Integrating non-economic aspects into development countries like Zambia.
! System change/design and innovation at the core
The literature also assumes d
! Multi-/interdisciplinary research field
! Potential cost, risk, diversification, value co-creation opportunities became institutionalised. Whil
! Cooperation of different stakeholders necessary framing (e.g. Brundtland, 1987)
! Regulation and incentives as core implementation tools contexts and aspirations, the C
! Central role of private business, due to resources and capabilities
nomic and environmental ben
! Business model innovation as a key for industry transformation
! Technological solutions are important but often pose implementation
(e.g. Rashid et al., 2013).
problems There is also a difference
standing of the agents that shou
M. Geissdoerfer et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 143 (2017) 757e768
agency is diffused in the case
incentive structures. Private business plays a central role among 2015), as the priorities should
ese and other sustainability
relevant issues, the concept
stakeholders of it way
because that conserves
commands andof theCircular
the functions
more capabilities Economy has
earth's ecosystems (ISOa clear em
nomy e while notresources
entirely new
thaneany hasotherrecently 15392,
actor. Since the2008), a transformation
implementation of human
of more panies (e.g.
lifestyle Webster,
that optimises2015).
ce on the agendas of policymakers (Brennan et al., the likelihood that living conditions will continuously support
Furthermore, the se-
timeframe
sustainable solutions seems to lag behind expectations and tech-
mes evident, for instance, in the comprehensive curity, well-being, and health, particularly bothby maintaining
concepts. the
The temporal di
nological capabilities and advances in material and production
ar Economy package (European Commission, 2015) supply of non-replaceable goods and services ended,(McMichael et be
as goals can al., constan
technology are becoming
e Circular Economy Promotion Law (Lieder and
ever more incremental, authors increas-
2003), or an indefinite perpetuation of all life formsthere
(Ehrenfeld,
ingly see business model innovation as the key pathway to the In contrast, are theoretica
he Circular Economy has also become an impor- 2010).… MA NON TROPPO M. Geissdoerfer et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 143 (2017) 757e768 765
Table 3
Selected differences between sustainability and the Circular Economy.
Sustainability Circular Economy
Origins of the term Environmental movements, NGOs, non-profit and Different schools of thought like cradle-to-cradle, regulatory implementation
intergovernmental agencies, principles in silviculture and by governments, lobbying by NGOs like the EMF, inclusion in political agendas,
cooperative systems e.g. European Horizon 2020
Goals Open-ended, multitude of goals depending on the Closed loop, ideally eliminating all resource input into and leakage out of the
considered agent and her interests system
Main motivation Diffused and diverse reflexivity and adaptive/ past Better use of resources, waste, leakage (from linear to circular)
trajectories
What system is prioritised? Triple bottom line (horizontal) The economic system (hierarchical)
To whose benefit? The environment, the economy, and society at large. Economic actors are at the core, benefitting the economy and the environment.
Society benefits from environmental improvements and certain add-ons and
assumptions, like more manual labour or fairer taxation
How did they Providing vague framing that can be adapted to different Emphasising economic and environmental benefits
institutionalise (wide contexts and aspirations.
diffusion)?
Agency (Who influences? Diffused (priorities should be defined by all stakeholders) Governments, companies, NGOs
Who should influence?)
Timeframe of changes Open-ended, sustain current status “indefinitely” Theoretical limits to optimisation and practical ones to implementation could
set input and leakage thresholds for the successful conclusion of the
implementation of a Circular Economy
Perceptions of Responsibilities are shared, but not clearly defined Private business and regulators/policymakers
responsibilities
Commitments, goals, and Interest alignment between stakeholders, e.g. less waste is Economic/financial advantages for companies, and less resource consumption
interests behind the use good for the environment, organisational profits, and and pollution for the environment
of the term consumer prices
M. Geissdoerfer et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 143 (2017) 757e768
necessary or sufficient condition or how it relates to other concepts dimensions could be added to the concept of the Circular Economy.
and other sustainability issues,
that could foster the concept of
sustainability. way that conserves Table the 4functions
provides an of the earth's
overview ecosystems
of the different (ISO
types of relation-
Differently,new
my e while not entirely Bocken
e ethas
al. (2014) identified 15392,
recently circularity
2008), ships between sustainability
as one a transformation of human and lifestyle
the Circularthat
Economy that were
optimises
archetype of sustainable business models among others. Circularity identified in the research. These categories aim at stressing the
on the agendas of policymakers (Brennan et al., the likelihood that living conditions will continuously support se-
is seen as one of several options to foster the sustainability of the most evident differences identified within our sample. It is none-
s evident, for instance, in the comprehensive curity, well-being,
system. These options are all seen as beneficial in principle and can
and health, particularly by maintaining the
theless important to stress that this table does not aim to be
conomy packagealso(European
be combined Commission,
to add up gains2015) supply Similarly,
or achieve synergies. of non-replaceable goods
exhaustive, as and ofservices
each type (McMichael
relationship et al.,
could be further sub-
ircular EconomyEvansPromotion Law
et al. (2009) and (Lieder
Weissbrodand
and Bocken2003),
(2017) or an indefinite
describe perpetuation
categorized of be
and consequently allinvestigated
life forms (Ehrenfeld,
in more depth.766
CHE TIPO DI RELAZIONE C’È … M. Geissdoerfer et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 143 (2017) 757e768
Table 4
Relationship types between the Circular Economy and sustainability.
General Type of relationship Short description Circularity/closed loop systems are seen as … Examples in literature Graphical
direction representation
Conditional Conditional relation One of the conditions for a sustainable system La
€pple, 2007
Rashid et al., 2013
Strong conditional relation The main solution for a transformation to a sustainable system Bakker et al., 2014
EMF, 2013b
UNEP, 2006
Necessary but not sufficient A necessary but not sufficient condition for a sustainable system Nakajima, 2000
conditional relation
Beneficial Beneficial relationship Beneficial in terms of sustainability, without referring to condition-ality or European
alternative approaches Commission, 2014
Subset relation (structured and One among several solutions for fostering a sustainable system Allwood et al., 2012
unstructured) Bocken et al., 2014
Evans et al., 2009
Garetti and Taisch,
2012
Seliger, 2007
Weissbrod and
Bocken, 2017
Degree relation Yielding a degree of sustainability with other concepts being more and/or OECD, 2009
less sustainable
Trade-off Cost-benefit/trade-off relation Having costs and benefits in regard to sustainability, which can also lead to Allwood, 2014
negative outcomes Andersen, 2007
Selective relation Fostering certain aspects of sustainability but lacking others Murray et al., 2015
M. Geissdoerfer et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 143 (2017) 757e768
benefits through input reduction, efficiency gains, and waste would propose this, as well as other work exploring the multiple
avoidance with
e and other sustainability relatively
issues, the immediate
concept results
of compared
waytothat
sustain- dimensions
conserves theoffunctions
sustainable business
of the models (e.g., Boons
earth's et al., 2013; (ISO
ecosystems
ability (e.g. EMF, 2013b; Elkington, 1997). Differently from sus- Geissdoerfer et al., 2016a) as a good base for future research and
my e while nottainability,
entirelylong-term
new eviability
has recently 15392, 2008), apractice.
seems to be excluded from most
transformation of human lifestyle that optimises
In this way, environmentally focused approaches to CE,
on the agendas of policymakers
discussions (e.g. EMF, (Brennan
2013b; Brundtland, the likelihood
et al.,1987). Furthermore, the that living
like the work byconditions
Allwood et al. will
(2012)continuously support
and Bakker et al. (2014), can se-
es evident, for instance, in the comprehensive
behaviour of organisational actors and curity, well-being, and health, particularly by maintaining the
consumers should be be complemented with concepts that take a more holistic stake-
nudged with incentives in the Circular Economy, while many sus- holder view e and especially social considerations e into account.
conomy package (European Commission, 2015) supply of non-replaceable goods and services (McMichael et al.,
tainability approaches favour behaviour change through engage-RIPENSANDO ALLE FILIERE
Zero alternative Biogas Paper Feed tion
equit
Environmental 0.237 0.376 0.181 0.113
Circularity 0.338 0.200 0.310 0.337 2013
Technical 0.049 0.208 0.116 0.222 circu
Social 0.239 0.051 0.061 0.060 prom
Economic 0.137 0.164 0.331 0.268 opme
Natural Resources Research (! 2019)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-019-09457-w
sults,
Original Paper
circu
Environmental
0.80 prov
Multi-criteria Evaluation of Bran Use to Promote Circularity 0.60 also
in the Cereal Production Chain stake
0.40
Zero-alterna!ve
Economic Circularity as a
Valeria Grippo,1,3 Severino Romano,1,2 and Antonella Vastola1 0.20 Biogas
proje
0.00 Paper
the u
Produzione
Received 29 May 2018; accepted 16 January 2019
Feed
Cereal production, as well as other agricultural activities, has a relevant impact on the
the u
environment contributing to produce negative externalities. Furthermore, it is wasteful, prefe
Consumo increasing the pressure on the environment, without any utility, and reducing the economic
performance of producers. This is particularly evident in regions, like Basilicata and Puglia
the t
(located in Southern Italy), where cereal production represents an important quota of re-
Social Technical
Molitura Crusca
gional economy. In order to reduce waste, it is necessary to redefine the cereal production
chain, to improve its efficiency and to reduce the ecological footprint of the production, prod
helping, at the same time, farmers to improve their economic performance. Bran is an output
of cereal production that is generally wasted; however, it can be used as an input to other Figure 4. Comparison between the criteria value of each with
Trasporto production chains. Finding new market opportunities for bran can be a successful strategy to
Diffe
promote circularity of the cereal chain achieving a better balance between social, environ- alternative.
Trasformazione
mental and economic aspects. To promote a circular production pattern, this study evaluated
three different alternative projects for bran use (i.e., paper production, biogas and feed), by
using multi-criteria analysis as a tool for local authorities to evaluate projects promoting
circular economy. Involving all representative stakeholders of the cereal production chain,
Ø Nell’area di studio sono prodotte circa 200.000 t di
the results show ability to achieve the best solution (in this case the biogas one) in order to
increase bran utility, implementing the sustainable development of rural areas.
0.5
Tutte le alternative sono preferibili all’alternativa zero.
crusca (rifiuto agro-industriale non
KEY WORDS: Circular economy, pericoloso
Multi-criteria CER 02).
analysis, Rural development, Bran uses. L’uso di crusca per produrre biogas è l’alternativa
Ø Lo smaltimento in discarica è l’alternativa più utilizzata preferita. Seguita da quella per la produzione di carta
0.4
eINTRODUCTION
quindi rappresenta l’alternativacountries, zero a(business as
further 120 million hectares of natural mentre il reimpiego nella mangimistica è il meno
usual). habitats will be converted to farmland to cover food
preferito.
In this millennium, one of the main challenges demand by 2050 (FAO 2009).
for the agri-food system is to satisfy the growing Globally, one-third of the food is wasted or lost 0.3
Ø Ricavo potenziale dalla vendita della crusca.
food demand while maintaining the preservation
and protection of the environment. Today, ! 34%
before people consume it, contributing to increasing
the ecological footprint of the agricultural system
Ø Costo opportunità del non smaltimento.
of global land is used for agriculture (FAOSTAT
2017) and has been estimated that, in developing
without producing any utility (FAO 2011). In
European countries, the main sectors contributing to
0.2
1
Ø Vendita di un prodotto finito a più alto valore aggiunto (es. CartaCrusca è la prima carta di pregio
food waste are households (domestic use) (! 47 Mt)
and processing (! 17 Mt) (! 11% of the food is
realizzata dalla crusca non più utilizzabile per il consumo alimentare.
School of Agricultural, Forests, Food and Environmental Sci-
wasted during the production phase), while ! 9 Mt
ences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell!Ateneo Lucano 10,
85100 Potenza, Italy. of food loss comes from primary production (Sten-
2
Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy,
Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
marck et al. 2016) with negative effects for food
security and environmental protection. In fact, the
0.1
3
To whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail: waste of food has an associated waste of water and
valeria.grippo@unibas.it
waste fertilizer that cause reduction in soil quality.
0
! 2019 International Association for Mathematical Geosciences Zero-alterna!ve Biogas
Figure 5. WLC values per aMISURABILITÀ
COME SI MISURA LA
SOSTENIBILITÀ DI UN PRODOTTO
I TRE INDICATORI AMBIENTALI
Misurano l’impatto di ogni prodotto
■ Nelle filiere alimentari, i principali
lungo il ciclo di vita carichi ambientali provengono da:
– le emissioni di gas serra
Coltivazione Trasformazione Imballaggio Trasporto Cottura
– l’uso dell’acqua
Esempio Carbon Esempio
– l’ impiego del suolo.
A 1 kg
Footprint
1 kg
B
Misura le emissioni
di carne rossa di gas serra di pomodori ■ Il metodo d’analisi del ciclo di vita (Life
26 kg CO2 eq UNITÀ DI MISURA
1,1 kg CO2 eq Cycle Assessment, LCA) stima gli
massa di CO2 equivalente
impatti ambientali legati alle diversi
Water fasi della vita un prodotto.
Footprint
Quantifica i consumi ■ Il metodo LCA calcola questi impatti
15.500 litri delle risorse idriche
214 litri utilizzando tre indicatori ambientali:
UNITÀ DI MISURA
volume (litri) di acqua – Impronta carbonica
Ecological – Impronta idrica
109 global m2 Footprint 1,5 global m2
Calcola la quantità di terra/acqua – Impronta ecologica
necessaria per rigenerare le risorse
impiegate
UNITÀ DI MISURA
m2 o ettari globaliContents lists available at ScienceDirect
Land Use Policy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landusepol
A comparative multidimensional evaluation of conservation agriculture
systems: A case study from a Mediterranean area of Southern Italy
A. Vastola et al.
Antonella Vastolaa,⁎, Pandi Zdrulib, Mario D’Amicoc, Gioacchino Pappalardoc, Mauro Viccaroa,
Francesco Di Napolia, Mario Cozzia, Severino Romanoa
Table 1 a
b
School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Science, University of Basilicata, V.le dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Land and Water Resources Management
Benefits and costs associated
Department,toViaCA:
Cegliedimensions
9, 7001 Valenzano of(BA),
sustainability,
Italy impact levels on private/public interest and area of incidence.
Source: our elaboration.c Dipartimento di Agricoltura Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 98-100, 95123 Catania, Italy
ARTICLE I NFO ABSTRACT Area of incidence
Benefits/Costs Keywords: To avoid the current paradoxes of the global agro-foodDimensions of sustainability
system it is necessary Impact
to define and implement level
a viable Global National/Regional Local
Conservation agriculture systems agricultural sustainable model, combining satisfaction of food needs and land preservation. A possible solution
Sustainable development can be found in a holistic production system consistent with a sustainable development model, designed to
1 Labour savings in perennial
Viable crops
Mediterranean agriculture Ec/So(CA) could be a part of this model, as1it includes a
satisfy diverse “local” economies. The conservation agriculture x
Economic assessment
2 Fuel savings in perennial crops set of best practices available to preserve agrarian soil and its biodiversity. Briefly, we cover the CA
Ec/Env 3 background x
in Europe followed by the evaluation of its impact in terms of private/public interest, using the sustainability’s
3 Cost-savings in annual crops metric. Ec 3 x
4 Increase of yields To test the viability of a model based on CA in “localEc/So 3
conditions”, we compare economic performance of x x x
different conservation practices (i.e. minimum and no tillage) to that of conventional agriculture in a typical
5 Reduction of off-site problems Ec/Env 2
Mediterranean environment – Collina Materana – in Southern Italy (Basilicata region). Our findings suggest that:
x x
6 Improvement of soil properties i) CA can actually be a viable alternative to conventionalEnv
systems; ii) in Mediterranean agricultural3areas CA has x x
7 Increase of biodiversity yield advantages especially during dry years, when conservation
Env techniques increase water supply2to crops; iii) x x
public support is needed to direct farming choices in fact without financial incentives these practices would be
8 Less erosion Ec/Env
not widely accepted and diffused; iv) European policy makers have to recognized the positive benefits 3 of CA and x
9 Less CO2 emissions pay them as ecosystem services in the framework ofEnv/So Good Agricultural Environmental Conditions and the x x x
present CAP subsidies.
10 Increase of the CO2 sink effect of the soil Env/So 2 x x x
11 Less contamination of downstream water Env 2 x
12 Less floods and landslides Ec/Env 3 x
13 Less landscape diversity loss
1. Introduction the European farmers Ec/Env/So 3 climate
could exploit to implement mitigation x x
change policies, while achieving environmental, social and economic
14 Purchase of specialized planting equipment Ec −1 x
Global agro-food outlook has been recently reshaped by two land- benefits.
15 Short-term pest mark
problems due i.e.
agreements, to the change inDevelopment
the Sustainable crop management
Goals (in 2012) and During the last Ec −1
decade, the Food and Agriculture Organization x
16 Farmer needs new the management skillsAgreement
Paris Climate Change – requiring farmer’s 2015).
(in November time commitment
The chal- to learning
(FAO) Ec Conservation Agriculture Federation
and the European −1 (ECAF) x
lenge is hunger eradication and fair exploitation of terrestrial ecosys-
and experimentation have been developing and promoting techniques that allow to conserve
tems keeping global warming below 2 °C by 2030. agrarian soil and its biodiversity, in the context of sustainable agri-
17 Application of additional herbicides
Human activity has been the dominant cause of observed warming
Ec/Env −3
culture; the set of best practices developed in this field is known as
x x
18 Formation and operation of farmers’
since the mid-20th groups
century. The last Intergovernmental Panel on Soc (CA).
“conservation agriculture” −2 x x
19 High perceived risk to Change
Climate farmers becausereport
assessment of technological uncertainty
confirmed that each of the last three The roots of this Ec
production approach have to be found −1
in the USA – x x
20 Development of decades
appropriate technical packages and training programmes in the 1930s – to combat
has been successively warmer at the earth’s surface than any
Ec/Sosoil desertification caused by wind and water
0 x x
preceding decade since 1850 (IPCC, 2014). erosion (Holland, 2004).
In the near future, this trend can be slowed only if a more sus- Conservation agriculture is defined by ECAF “as a sustainable
Note: Ec=economic; Env = environmental;
tainable So = social. 1 = positive impact on private
growth path is undertaken. interest;
agriculture 2 = positive
production impact on
system comprising a setpublic interest;
of farming 3 = positive impact for both; 0 = no impact;
practices
−1 = negative impact on The adoption of soil conservation practices is one of the tools that
private interest; −2 = negative impact on public interest; adapted to the requirements of crops and local conditions of each
−3 = negative impact for both
⁎
Corresponding author.
reached if a mix of viable business
E-mail addresses: choices(A.and
antonella.vastola@unibas.it public
Vastola), policies
pandi@iamb.it is im- 3.
(P. Zdruli), mario.damico@unict.it The comparative
(M. D’Amico), economic
gioacchino.pappalardo@unict.it (G. Pappalardo),assessment of conservation tillage
mauro.viccaro@unibas.it (M. Viccaro), francesco.dinapoli@unibas.it (F. Di Napoli), mario.cozzi@unibas.it (M. Cozzi), severino.romano@unibas.it (S. Romano).
plemented. in a Mediterranean environment
Given that crophttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.034
performances
Received arein revised
5 October 2016; Received evaluated from
form 13 July 2017; measured
Accepted 18 July 2017 crop
yields, long-term reviews and field results lead to the conclusion that in 3.1. The case study of Collina Materana
Europe: a) in general no-till gives crop yields within 5% higher of those
obtained under conventional tillage, given the influence introduced by The investigated area is that of Collina Materana – in Southern Italy
soil, crop and weather; b) increasing yield levels under drier conditions – in the province of Matera (Basilicata region), where high quality
have been reported (Fernández-Ugalde et al., 2009); c) lower yields durum wheats used for pasta’s production are produced.Ø Circulytics™ è un indicatore che misura il livello di circolarità raggiunto
da un'azienda lungo tutto il processo produttivo.
1 11 222
Ø Lo score aziendale - da A+ a E - si basa sulla performance/capacità di
due categorie:
CATEGORY 1: ENABLERS
CATEGORY 1: ENABLERS CATEGORY
CATEGORY2:2:OUTCOMES
OUTCOMES
The critical
The critical aspects to aspects to Measuring
Measuring aa company’s
company’s
enableCATEGORY 1: ENABLERS
company-wide CATEGORY
circular 2: OUTCOMES
inputs and
enable company-wide
transformation
The critical aspects to circular
outputsinputs
Measuring and
a company’s
transformation enable company-wide outputs
circular inputs and
transformation outputs
STRATEGY AND PLANNING INPUTS
STRATEGY AND PLANNING
Have youSTRATEGY
placed circularity in the heart of
AND PLANNING INPUTS
AreINPUTS
the materials and energy used in your
your strategy?
Have you placed circularity in the heart of business
Are theprocesses supporting
materials and a circular
energy used in your
Have you placed circularityyour
in the heart of
strategy? Are the materials
economy? and energy
business processes used
supporting in your
a circular
your strategy? business economy?
processes supporting a circular
PEOPLE AND SKILLS
PEOPLE AND SKILLS economy?
OUTPUTS
Have you employed the skills and people
OUTPUTS
PEOPLE AND SKILLS Have
required to you employed
transition the skills
to a circular and people
business Are the products and services you produce
model? required to transition to a circular business Are the products
supporting
OUTPUTS
and
a circular services you produce
economy?
Have you employed the skills and people
model? supporting a circular economy?
Enablers: la capacità che un'azienda ha dito transition
required to a circular business Are the products and services you produce
SYSTEMS, PROCESSES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
SYSTEMS, PROCESSES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
cogliere le opportunità commerciali model?
Have youHave
invested sufficiently to support
supporting a circular economy?
you invested sufficiently to support
dell'economia circolare nel futuro. the change?
the change?
Sono valutati indicatori che consentono unaPROCESSES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
SYSTEMS,
trasformazione a livello aziendale Have
comeyou
la invested INNOVATION INNOVATION Companies
Companiesthat thatundertake this
undertake this
sufficiently to support Outcomes
process
processwill :receive
è l'istantanea
willreceive aa report featuring
report featuring
definizione delle priorità strategiche
theechange?
i Are you Are you innovating
innovating
systems
new circular
new circular
or services?
products,
products, a circularityscore
a della
circularity score alongside
circolarità alongside tailored
tailored
systems or services? insightsand
andcommentary
commentary from
programmi di apprendimento interno insights fromthethe
dell’azienda:
Ellen
Ellen MacArthurinput,
MacArthur output
Foundation.*
Foundation.*
INNOVATION EXTERNAL ENGAGEMENT Companies that undertake this
EXTERNAL ENGAGEMENT e lavorazione dei materiali.
process will receive a report featuring
Are you promoting your circular initiatives and
Are you innovatingAre
new circular
you promoting products,
your circular initiatives and
influencing
influencing
those in your business sphere such a circularity score *Depending
alongside tailored
*Depending on demand, we may limit analyst
as those
clients in
oryour
your business sphere such commentary to publicly traded companies and
systems or services? supply chain? on demand, we may limit analyst
insights and commentary from above athe
companies above a certain size.
commentary to publicly traded companies and
as clients or your supply chain? companies certain size.
Ellen MacArthur Foundation.*
EXTERNAL ENGAGEMENT
Are you promoting your circular initiatives and
influencing those in your business sphere such *Depending on demand, we may limit analyst
commentary to publicly traded companies and
as clients or your supply chain? companies above a certain size.adoption
investors and
customers about
a company’s circular
economy adoption
- if the company
chooses to Presents an
opportunity to
publish it become an inspiring
case study for the
Ellen MacArthur
Foundation to
promote
Strategy and planning
People and skills
Systems, processes, infrastructure
18 Innovation
External engagement ENABLERS
INDICATORS THEMES CATEGORIES OVERALL
SCORE
3–11
Inputs OUTCOMES
Outputs
(depending on
industry)
HOW IS THE SCORE CALCULATED?
Companies are measured using a sum of
weighted indicator scores resulting in an
overall grade from A+ to E. The score card will
provide tailored insights by theme.Sfide Informazione Educazione Eticità e equità
INFORMAZIONE E CIBO
■ Senza …..
■ Con aggiunta di …
■ Superfood
■ Environmental friendly
■ Cruelty free
Ø I cibi “senza” o “con aggiunta di” tendono a essere preferiti e
considerati più salutari (indipendentemente dalle effettive
proprietà nutrizionali) da chi è maggiormente soggetto al
potere persuasivo delle fake news (Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore, 2020)
Ø Reg. UE 432/12 e successivi, in merito alle indicazioni
relative alla salute health claims autorizzate dalla
Commissione europea a seguito del parere dell’Efsa.CASO: OLIO DI PALMA SOSTENIBILE v L’Unione Italiana per l’Olio di Palma Sostenibile definisce l’olio di palma sostenibile come: Ø olio con origini conosciute e quindi tracciabili; Ø olio prodotto senza convertire foreste e nel rispetto degli ecosistemi ad alto valore di conservazione; Ø olio prodotto con pratiche colturali rispettose delle foreste ad alto valore di carbonio; Ø olio prodotto con pratiche agricole atte a preservare le torbiere; Ø olio non proveniente dalla conversione in piantagioni di aree sottoposte ad incendi volontari; Ø olio che protegge i diritti dei lavoratori, popolazioni e comunità locali, rispettando il principio del consenso libero, preventivo e informato; Ø olio che promuove lo sviluppo dei piccoli produttori indipendenti.
foodedu@school
Rapporto di Ricerca 2018
EducazioneEticità ed equità
Trovare un impiego regolare nel settore agricolo, utilizzare gli strumenti
in sicurezza, ottenere il giusto riconoscimento delle ore di lavoro, vivere
in condizioni dignitose.
• Riconoscimento del giusto prezzo a remunerazione dei fattori della
produzione e in particolare del lavoro:
ü Prezzo trasparente: evidenzia la quota di incidenza sul prezzo
finale delle diverse componenti della filiera
ü FairTrade: il prezzo che gli agricoltori ricevono non scende mai
al di sotto del prezzo di mercato e non dipende dalle speculazioni
in borsa. E’ calcolato in modo da coprire i costi necessari per una
produzione sostenibile
ü Prezzo Giusto: valore equo lungo le filiere, cooperazione a
progetti sociali
• Eticità - SA8000
ü il rispetto dei diritti umani,
ü il rispetto dei diritti dei lavoratori,
ü la tutela contro lo sfruttamento dei minori,
ü le garanzie di sicurezza e salubrità sul posto di lavoroAsimmetria informativa:
• Quanto
guadagna il - i consumatori ignorano
trasformatore? spesso tutte le
caratteristiche di ciò che
• Quanto viene acquistano;
retribuito il
bracciante? - gli altri attori della filiera
(GDO, industria, etc.)
conoscono le abitudini dei
consumatori.Sostenibile e circolare … si può e si deve ■ Il piano europeo 11 marzo 2020 - La Commissione Europea ha presentato il piano di azione per l’economia circolare, che è uno dei pilastri del European Green Deal per una transizione verso un'economia climaticamente neutra entro il 2050. ■ Disaccoppiare: la crescita economica dall'utilizzo delle materie prime, incentivando il riciclo dei materiali. ■ Riduzione degli sprechi alimentari: riguarderà l’intera catena del valore alimentare per garantire la sostenibilità del settore. ■ Farm to Fork (F2F): è il piano decennale per guidare la transizione verso un sistema alimentare equo, sano e rispettoso dell’ambiente.
Suggerimenti per una bibliografia essenziale • Borrello M., Pascucci S., Cembalo L. (2020). Three Propositions to Unify Circular Economy Research: A Review. Sustainability 12(10). • D’Amato et al. (2017). Green, circular, bio economy: A comparative analysis of sustainability avenues. Journal of Cleaner Production. • Geissdoerfer M., Savaget P., Bocken N., Hultink E. (2017). The circular economy– A new sustainability paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production. • Grippo V., Romano S., Vastola A. (2019). Multi-criteria evaluation of bran use to promote circularity in the cereal production chain. Natural Resources Research. • Köhler et al. (2019). An agenda for sustainability transitions research: State of the art and future directions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. • Schroeder, P. et al (2018). The relevance of circular economy practices to the sustainable development goals. Journal of Industrial Ecology. • Vastola A. (ed.) (2015) The Sustainability of Agro-Food and Natural Resource Systems in the Mediterranean Basin. Springer Open. • https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org
Invito al il prossimo Caffè
Scientifico
Prof. Riccardo Vecchio
In laboratorio veritas: l’economia sperimentale per
misurare le preferenze dei consumatori di vino
16 Settembre 2020
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