PROGRAMMI DEGLI INSEGNAMENTI "CLEMI" - Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Economia, Management e Innovazione ECONOMY, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION Curriculum ...
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PROGRAMMI DEGLI INSEGNAMENTI Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Economia, Management e Innovazione “CLEMI” Anno Accademico 2019/2020 Curriculum C: ECONOMY, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION
Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Economy, Management, Innovation (LM-77) Curriculum C: Economy, Technology, Innovation A.A.2019-2020 Attività Ambiti SSD Insegnamento CFU Docente Formativa Disciplinari I ANNO FALCONE Pasquale Marcello (5 CFU) C Economico SECS-P/02 Economics of innovation 9 IMBERT Enrica (4 CFU) FERRARI Annalisa (3 CFU) IMBRIANI Cesare (3 CFU) Corporate finance and financial C Aziendale SECS-P/11 12 LOPES Antonio (3 CFU) innovation GIORDANO Luca (3 CFU) Statistico- Artificial economics: simulation and C SECS-S/06 6 CASTELLANO Rosella matematico computational methods Techonology, innovation and C Economico SECS-P/02 6 FALCONE Pasquale Marcello sustainability transition Statistico- C SECS-S/01 Computational statistics 5 SARNACCHIARO Pasquale matematico Affine o A ING-INF/05 Data mining 4 CIMITILE Marta integrativo Affine o Sociology of innovation and ANSELMI Manuel (6 CFU) A SPS/09 12 integrativo international trade LENZI Francesca Romana (6 CFU) Totale I anno 54 II ANNO C Economico SECS-P/01 Innovation in emerging countries 9 RINALDI Azzurra SEPE Marco (5 CFU) C Giuridico IUS/05 Corporate and financial law 9 SACCO GINEVRI Andrea (4 CFU) C Aziendale SECS-P/08 Management of innovation 12 LO PRESTI Letizia Altre A scelta dello studente 12 Ulteriori Ulteriori conoscenze linguistiche, abilità attività informatiche e telematiche, tirocini formativi, altre Altre formative 9 conoscenze utili per l’inserimento nel mondo del (art.10, co lavoro 5, lettera c) Altre Per la prova finale 15 Totale II anno 66 TOTALE CFU 120 Nota: I docenti evidenziati in grassetto sono i Presidenti di commissione d’esame
Complementary courses Suggested for the curriculum C “Economy, Technology, Innovation” SSD Insegnamento CFU Docente IMBERT Enrica (9 CFU) SECS-P/06 Enviromental economics and circular bioeconomy 12 FRANCOCCI Fedra (3 CFU) Economic, Ecological and Ethical Challenges for SECS-P/02 Making Transitions to Equitable and Sustainable 12 HUISINGH Donald Societies Suggested for Master of Science in Economy, Management, Innovation SSD Insegnamento CFU Docente SECS-S/04 Demografia (in Italian language) 6 PANE Aurelio M-GGR/02 Geografia economica (in Italian language) 6 BIONDI Gennaro
PRESENTAZIONE DEGLI INSEGNAMENTI Propedeuticità, progressività e connessioni tra gli insegnamenti del Corso di studi CLEMI Il corso di laurea Magistrale CLEMI dall’anno accademico 2015/2016 si è rinnovata dotandosi di un duplice percorso: un primo curriculum tradizionale in Economia e Management Aziendale, ed un secondo curriculum più innovativo in Economia, Tecnologia, Innovazione. Nell’a.a. 2017-2018 a questi due curricula se n’è aggiunto un terzo, in lingua inglese, in Economy, Technology and Innovation. Propedeuticità L’Ateneo ha da tempo adottato la politica di non imporre allo studente vincoli e rigidità nella scelta circa la progressione temporale delle materie d’esame da sostenere. Questa impostazione si spiega, tra l’altro, per la presenza di studenti lavoratori ed ex studenti di altri Atenei, dai quali è lecito presumere una maggiore consapevolezza e capacità di autogestione del proprio percorso formativo. Ne consegue che anche per il Corso CLEMI non esistono propedeuticità. Progressività. Nondimeno, la distribuzione degli insegnamenti nei due diversi anni di durata legale del corso è già di per se stessa indicativa di una naturale “progressione” delle conoscenze. Dunque, è certamente utile e consigliabile, anche per una più efficiente gestione dei tempi di studio, affrontare, anzitutto, gli esami del primo anno, e poi far seguire gli esami del secondo anno. In particolare, con riferimento al curriculum A “Economia e management aziendale” si suggerisce di considerare quanto segue: Con riferimento agli ambiti Economico ed Aziendale si consiglia di far precedere allo studio della disciplina “Politica del credito e finanziaria” lo studio delle discipline “Politica economica europea” e “Mercati finanziari ed investimenti”. Con riferimento all’ambito Giuridico, si consiglia di far precedere allo studio del corso di “Diritto dell’economia – corso avanzato” lo studio delle altre discipline giuridiche presenti al primo anno di corso (Diritto delle società; Un esame a scelta tra: a) Diritto del lavoro / b) Diritto tributario). Infine, in una prospettiva inter-disciplinare si segnalano le complementarietà esistenti tra “Gestione delle informazioni aziendali”, “Programmazione e controllo di gestione” e “Governo ed etica d’impresa”. Per l’affinità di alcune tematiche trattate, si suggerisce di studiare questi esami in rapida successione.
COURSE: Economics of Innovation (SECS-P/02 – CFU: 9) TEACHER: Pasquale Marcello Falcone (pasquale.falcone@unitelmasapienza.it); Enrica Imbert (enrica.imbert@unitelmasapienza.it) TUTOR: Stefania Manfrellotti (stefania.manfrellotti@unitelmasapienza.it) 1. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO BE ACHIEVED DURING THE COURSE This course will focus thoroughly on the central aspects of the economics of innovation for understanding those factors that influence the innovation patterns and how policies can contribute to the processes of social and economic change. Students have the opportunity to acquire: 1. Knowledge and understanding. The students will become familiar with classic as well as contemporary views on the economics of innovation, with a particular focus on themes on the frontier of research. 2. applying knowledge and understanding. The course covers the main issues related to technological change and technical progress: definitions, sources of innovation, indicators for measuring innovation, methodological issues. Moreover, it addresses some specific issues closely related to the economics of innovation: entrepreneurship, innovative start-ups, technology transfer, economic effects of innovations, and measurements. 3. making judgements. The autonomy of judgment is developed through a critical study of the scientific literature on the topic. This ability will be particularly refined through interactive teaching, namely, the course will be organized as a combination of lectures, reading and writing of exam essay and group discussions. 4. communication skills. The student will be able to explain clearly and comprehensively the issues addressed using the acquired knowledge in an appropriate manner. In particular, he/she will be able to deal with everyday working issues with appropriate terminology that will allow him to show communication and interaction skills, also useful for working relationships. 5. learning skills. The student will develop a critical ability to understand the main results produced by modern economic literature addressed to technological innovations having acquired the necessary tools to interpret policy choices. 2. PROGRAM/ CONTENTS The course aims at: i) providing a solid background in economics of innovation, and ii) highlighting the main topics in the literature of economics of innovation. Contents: Part I: Basics in the Economics of Innovation Introduction to the course What is economics of innovation about? Innovation in the history of economic thought Part II: Aspects of Innovation Fundamental concepts in innovations Process innovation
Product innovation Innovative pricing Network effects and standards Intellectual property Part III: How firms achieve innovations Invention and creativity The entrepreneur and innovation Organization for innovation Vision and innovations Clusters and networks Division of labour Part IV: The innovation and the consumer The passive consumer and the active consumer The diffusion of innovation Part V: The effect of innovation Innovation and trade Innovation and market structure Innovation and wealth creation Innovation and competitiveness Innovation and sustainability Innovation and employment Part VI: Innovation and government Market failure Innovation and policy. 3. TEXT BOOKS Textbook: Swann, G. M. P. (2009). The economics of innovation: an introduction. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Price £ 24.87 Scientific literature: Articles, essays and reports concerned with the above topics will be provided. The readings are not compulsory, but are recommended to improve your preparation and extend of your knowledge of the topics. 4. EDUCATIONAL METHOD AND TOOLS The course will require a total of 225 (i.e. 9 * 25) working hours organized in the following way: 171 hours for individual study. 54 hours of teaching. The teaching is based upon: 23 hours of asynchronous training (i.e. classical web-based teaching) 31 hours of synchronous training (i.e. interactive teaching) Interactive teaching (e-tivity) is all about instructing the students in a way they are actively involved with their own learning process by means of:
- further explanations addressed by the teacher/tutor to the entire class (or a subgroup), typically in the form of demonstrations (e.g. how to solve a problem, exercise and similar) or case studies; - brief interventions carried out by the students (for example in discussion or collaboration environments: web forums, blogs, etc.); - structured e-tivity (individual or collaborative), typically in the form of reports, exercises, case studies, problem solving, projects, carried out by students, with relative feedback; - typical forms of formative evaluation, with the character of questionnaires or tests in progress. For Economics of Innovation course, the e-tivity will be organized as follow: - a forum “question/answer” on two topics addressed during the course followed by a discussion Webinar. Students are asked to briefly illustrate (10 lines) the topics assigned. During the webinars the above topics will be discussed among students, teacher and tutor. - essay test. Please contact the teacher for the assignment of an essay question. The factual participation to these interactive activities will be evaluated and it will integrate the final mark up to 5 points. 5. SELF-ASSESMENT PROCEDURES A self-assessment test is published on the course web page (didactic path) to optimize the preparation of the exam. This test will allow students to ascertain the degree and the actual understanding of the acquired knowledge. 6. EVALUATION METHODS (FINAL EXAM) The exam evaluation will be carried out by an oral examination. An adequate knowledge of the topics included in the self-assessment test is a valid basis for evaluating yours preparation. Participation in the interactive activities (possible reading and writing of essays, group discussions and webinars) will be taken into consideration during the exam session. 7. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE The course aims to respond to the emerging training needs in the sectors driven innovation with particular reference to managerial roles.
COURSE: Corporate Finance and Financial Innovation (SECS-P/11 – CFU: 12) TEACHER: Annalisa Ferrari (annalisa.ferrari@unitelmasapienza.it); Cesare Imbriani (cesare.imbriani@unitelmasapienza.it); Antonio Lopes (antonio.lopes@unitelmasapienza.it); Luca Giordano (luca.giordano@unitelmasapienza.it). TUTOR: Stefania Mele (stefania.mele@unitelmasapienza.it) 1. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO BE ACHIEVED DURING THE COURSE The course offers an analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of business management and financial decisions. The structure of the course is based on corporate objectives, present value and financial valuation, capital budgeting and financing decisions, dividend policy and financial structure, risk and risk management. At the end of the course students will be able to understand the dynamics that regulate the company financial strategies, they will correctly identify and analyze the issues of corporate management. Students will be able to identify and critically analyse benchmarks for the comparison of alternative investments/funding. Students will also be able to decline and comment on the main risk management activities of the company. Finally, students will be able to formulate and communicate their own specific opinions with reference to strategic investment decisions according to company characteristics and strategic objectives. 2. PROGRAM/ CONTENTS Programme: - Corporate finance and corporate objectives - Financial analysis - Risk and earning - How to calculate Present value and Net present value - Valuating bonds - Modern Portfolio Theory and CAPM - Risk management 3. TEXT BOOKS Brealey R., Myers S., Allen F., Sandri S., Corporate Finance, 7° edizione, McGraw Hill, 2015. 4. EDUCATIONAL METHOD AND TOOLS The course is structured in video lessons of about 45 minutes in which the contents of the course are described and analyzed through the use of the didactic supports composed of descriptive slides containing conceptual maps and key word patterns. The modulation of the course allows the student to face the programme according to a cognitive scheme that is as favourable as possible to his/her specific needs. To support the cognitive path, both webinar and artifact launches (in which we address in a simple and immediate way contingent issues, specific phenomena and testimonies of operators in the sector) are active. Always for this purpose, one-to-one communication channels are active (telephone, skype or in presence by appointment via whatsapp or e-mail) on specific parts of the programme. 5. SELF-ASSESMENT PROCEDURES Launches of artifacts are active to support students' cognitive path addressing relevant and specific themes of the program. The launch is realized with an email to students containing the information and the documentation (if necessary) to realize the artifact. Artifacts returned on time are commented on during
special webinars in order to bring out any critical issues on skills acquisition. Within the dasch board there is a self-evaluation test composed of 40 questions (maximum execution time 40 minutes). Each quiz has 3 answers of which only a correct one. Tips for how to use correctly are provided. 6. EVALUATION METHODS (FINAL EXAM) The assessment is carried out by oral examination. The first question will be a theme of candidates’ choice and the following three/four questions will be defined by the teacher in order to verify the mastery of the theoretical foundations of the programme, the knowledge of the discipline and the ability to link up the issues under consideration. 7. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE The course aims to provide the necessary skills to carry out the financial management activities. The main identifiable professionals with reference to skills are: Financial Managers Specialists in financial activities.
COURSE: Artificial economics: simulation and computational methods (SECS-S/06 – CFU: 6) TEACHER: Rosella Castellano (rosella.castellano@unitelmasapienza.it) GUEST LECTURER: Dr. Roeland De Kok TUTOR: Carlo Cavicchia (carlo.cavicchia@unitelmasapienza.it) 1. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO BE ACHIEVED DURING THE COURSE Knowledge and understanding: to carry out calculations with matrices and vectors; to plot basic mathematical functions, to know how to look for the zeroes of a function; to know how to draw an histogram and to implement Monte Carlo simulations; to represent a network through a matrix, to compute the paths on the network; to compute the most common centrality measures; to create random networks; to identify clusters. Applying knowledge and understanding: to apply random network to economics and social complex problems Making judgements: to have a comprehensive and critical view of real world networks Communication skills: to know how to give a proper interpretation of the results and to communicate and represent them to a target audience. Learning skills: the student is supposed to have passed the basic university exam of calculus to participate in a profitable way to the course; at the end of the course the student is supposed to have acquired and to be able to manage the main tools and issues treated in the course. 2. PROGRAM/ CONTENTS The goal of this course is to provide the students with a base set of methodological tools useful to face the study of social network. In this respect, the first three topics are devoted to review the mathematical background necessary for a proper understanding of the second part of the program. In particular, we will review some topics related to three different areas of mathematics: linear algebra, functions, statistics and probability. The second part enters in the details of the complex network analysis, starting from the very beginning and going on step by step toward the most used methods characterizing complex network analysis. In the following, a more detailed list of the topics is provided. 1) Linear Algebra: vector and matrices; operations with vectors and matrices; binary matrices; eigenvalues and eigenvectors (1 CFU) 2) Functions: power, exponential and logarithmic functions; axiomatic properties of a distance; iterative methods for determining zeroes of functions: Newton’s method; least squares method (1 CFU) 3) Statistics and probability: histograms; estimation of the continuous probability starting from a histogram by regression / interpolation; introduction to Monte Carlo methods (1 CFU) 4) Introduction to complex networks: an introduction; historical traits and useful softwares; representation of network and clustering coefficients; the Erdös Bacon number, visit of a network; small world and connected components; minimum spanning tree and some centrality measures; centrality measures and structure of networks (1 CFU) 5) Networks with specific topologies: network topology; Erdös-Rényi and Wattts-Strogatz networks; replicating properties of real world networks, the Barabasi and Albert model; assortativity and beyond; diffusion of networks (1 CFU).
6) Communities and advanced topics: epidemic spreading, immunization and forecast; K-core and k- shells, community detections, advanced topics, case studies (1 CFU). 3. TEXT BOOKS Teaching notes available on the moodle page . 4. EDUCATIONAL METHOD AND TOOLS Video lessons; Reading material; Forum; Summary questions and Auto evaluation tests. 5. SELF-ASSESMENT PROCEDURES Summary questions and Auto evaluation tests. Development and analysis of a case study. 6. EVALUATION METHODS (FINAL EXAM) Oral discussion of a case study whose topic must be agreed with the teacher. The case study must be presented in the form of a short dissertation. 7. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE Social networks, innovation network, economics and finance.
COURSE: Technology, Innovation and Sustainability Transition (SECS-P/02 – CFU: 6) TEACHER: Pasquale Marcello Falcone (pasquale.falcone@unitelmasapienza.it) TUTOR: Stefania Manfrellotti (stefania.manfrellotti@unitelmasapienza.it) 1. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO BE ACHIEVED DURING THE COURSE The course offer an introduction to the topic of innovation and sustainability transitions. Students will become familiar with the basics of transitions research, its main theoretical and methodical frameworks as well as with current debates and knowledge gaps in the field of sustainability transitions. Specifically, they will have the opportunity to acquire: 1. Knowledge and understanding. The students will become familiar with different aspects of transitions research and discuss this in relation to their own interests with a particular focus on themes on the frontier of research. 2. applying knowledge and understanding. The course covers the main issues related to technological change and technical progress towards sustainability: definitions, conceptual frameworks, policy pathways and methodological issues. Moreover, it addresses some specific issues closely related to cutting edge topics: globalization, circular economy, sharing economy, etc. 3. making judgements. The autonomy of judgment is developed through a critical study of the scientific literature on the topic. This ability will be particularly refined through interactive teaching, namely, the course will be organized as a combination of lectures, reading and writing of exam essay and group discussions. 4. communication skills. The student will be able to explain clearly and comprehensively the issues addressed using the acquired knowledge in an appropriate manner. In particular, he/she will be able to deal with everyday working issues with appropriate terminology that will allow him to show communication and interaction skills, also useful for working relationships. 5. learning skills. The student will develop a critical ability to understand the main results produced by modern economic literature addressed to technological innovations having acquired the necessary tools to interpret policy choices and related impacts towards sustainability. 2. PROGRAM/ CONTENTS The course aims at: i) providing a solid background in the field of technology and technological innovation, and ii) highlighting the main forms of transition towards sustainability in the current economic scenario, in relation to the increasing attention to environmental issues. Contents: Part I: Introduction to Innovation and Sustainability Transitions Introduction to the course The role of innovation and technology Defining sustainability transitions Part II: Understanding transitions Current state of the art: existing analytical frameworks Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) Transition Management (TM) Strategic Niche Management (SNM) Multi-level Perspective (MLP)
Part III: The role of politics and power The politics of transitions The co-evolution of policy change: policy mixes The governance perspective on transitions Part IV: The geography of transitions Spaces and scales Urban and Regional sustainability transitions Globalization and sustainability transitions Part V: Energy Industry in sustainability transitions: the case of Italy Case study I: The Italian liquid biofuel industry Case study II: The case of Porto Marghera and Gela Case study III: A socio-economic analysis of biomethane in the transport sector Part VI: Transitions in practice and future perspectives Ethics and justice Circular and sharing economy. 3. TEXT BOOKS Textbook: Grin, J., Rotmans, J., & Schot, J. (2010). Transitions to sustainable development: new directions in the study of long term transformative change. Routledge. Price Hardback £ 38.99. Scientific literature: Articles, essays and reports concerned with the above topics will be provided. The readings are not compulsory, but are recommended to improve your preparation and extend of your knowledge of the topics. 4. EDUCATIONAL METHOD AND TOOLS The course will require a total of 150 (i.e. 6 * 25) working hours organized in the following way: 114 hours for individual study. 36 hours of teaching. The teaching is based upon: 18 hours of asynchronous training (i.e. classical web-based teaching) 18 hours of synchronous training (i.e. interactive teaching) Interactive teaching (e-tivity) is all about instructing the students in a way they are actively involved with their own learning process by means of: - further explanations addressed by the teacher/tutor to the entire class (or a subgroup), typically in the form of demonstrations (e.g. how to solve a problem, exercise and similar) or case studies; - brief interventions carried out by the students (for example in discussion or collaboration environments: web forums, blogs, etc.); - structured e-tivity (individual or collaborative), typically in the form of reports, exercises, case studies, problem solving, projects, carried out by students, with relative feedback; - typical forms of formative evaluation, with the character of questionnaires or tests in progress. The e-tivity will be organized as follow:
- a forum “question/answer” on two topics addressed during the course followed by a discussion Webinar. Students are asked to briefly illustrate (10 lines) the topics assigned. During the webinars the above topics will be discussed among students, teacher and tutor. - essay test. Please contact the teacher for the assignment of an essay question. The factual participation to these interactive activities will be evaluated and it will integrate the final mark up to 5 points. 5. SELF-ASSESMENT PROCEDURES A self-assessment test is published on the course web page (didactic path) to optimize the preparation of the exam. This test will allow students to ascertain the degree and the actual understanding of the acquired knowledge. 6. EVALUATION METHODS (FINAL EXAM) The exam evaluation will be carried out by an oral examination. An adequate knowledge of the topics included in the self-assessment test is a valid basis for evaluating yours preparation. Participation in the interactive activities (possible reading and writing of essays, group discussions and webinars) will be taken into consideration during the exam session. 7. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE The course aims to respond to the emerging training needs in the sectors driven innovation with particular reference to managerial roles.
COURSE: Computational Statistics (SECS-S/01 – CFU: 5) TEACHER: Pasquale Sarnacchiaro (pasquale.sarnacchiaro@unitelmasapienza.it) TUTOR: Carlo Cavicchia (carlo.cavicchia@unitelmasapienza.it) 1. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO BE ACHIEVED DURING THE COURSE Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation and organisation of data. Statistical analysis and data analytics is listed as one of the highly desirable skills employers are looking for, and with data becoming an ever increasing part of modern life, the talent to extract information and value from complex data is scarce. The course is designed to train the next generation of statisticians with a focus on the field of data analytics. Employers expect skills in both statistics and computing. This course will provide a unique and coherent blend of modern statistical methods together with the associated computational skills that are essential for handling large quantities of unstructured data. This programme offers training in modern statistical methodology, computational statistics and data analysis from a wide variety of fields. Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. The aim of the course is to produce graduates that: • are equipped with a range of statistical methods and the associated computational skills for handling large quantities of unstructured data; • have developed a critical awareness of the underlying needs of a wide variety of fields through relevant case studies; • are able to analyse real-world data and to communicate the output of statistical models in order to inform decision making processes; • have the necessary computational skills to build and analyse simple/appropriate solutions using statistical Big Data technologies. Learning outcomes By the end of the course the student gains an appreciation of the types of problems and questions arising with multivariate data. In particular the student should be able: - to apply and interpret methods of dimension reduction including principal component analysis, - to apply and interpret methods for cluster analysis - to interpret the output of R procedures for multivariate statistics Knowledge and understanding: This course will give the students a working knowledge of statistical approaches for handling large quantities of structured and unstructured data. Applying knowledge and understanding: On successful completion students will be able to: Use statistical software; Use Statistical methods Report statistical results Making judgements: identify the best data/text mining techniques for an assigned task, identify the best data representation form. Communication skills: Present data and the results of statistical models in graphs, tables, and orally. Learning skills:
Undertake basic statistical consultancy. 2. PROGRAM/ CONTENTS The course will cover the modules listed below. Quantitative Data Analysis Research Methods and Case Studies Methods for simple and multiple regression models, model fitting, variable selection, diagnostic tools Principal component analysis Applications of these methods will be illustrated with the statistical packages. 3. TEXT BOOKS Teaching Materials: Slides, on line lessons, web seminars, chat, forum. 4. EDUCATIONAL METHOD AND TOOLS Educational method: On line lessons, web seminars, forum, Other activities available on Moodle. Tools: R 5. SELF-ASSESMENT PROCEDURES On line test in Moodle environment. 6. EVALUATION METHODS (FINAL EXAM) Questioning. The practical skills are assessed via a written report of a data analysis project. Each student will be given a data set and corresponding scientific questions. Students will have two week to complete the data analysis and produce a written report following the instructions provided at the time of the exam. Collaboration on the data analysis and report writing is not allowed. Any collaboration will be deemed as cheating and result in a failing grade. Students also present their work orally, in fact each student is required to give a 15-minute oral presentation of the work in their dissertation, at a meeting of all Board of Examiners. 7. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE Knowledge analysis and representation.
COURSE: Data Mining (ING-INF/05 – CFU: 4) TEACHER: Marta Cimitile (marta.cimitile@unitelmasapienza.it) TUTOR: da definire 1. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO BE ACHIEVED DURING THE COURSE Since data are becoming an ever-increasing part of modern life, data analytics is listed as one of the highly desirable skills employers are looking for while the talent to extract information and value from complex data is scarce. The course is designed to improve the skill of data analytics and provides an overview on modern data mining methods together with the associated computational skills that are essential for handling large quantities of unstructured data. The aim of the course is to produce graduates that: • are equipped with the knowledge of the main data mining techniques and the associated computational skills for handling large quantities of unstructured data; • have developed a critical awareness of the underlying needs of a wide variety of fields through relevant case studies; • are able to analyse real-world data; • have the necessary computational skills to build and analyse simple/appropriate solutions using Big Data technologies. By the end of the course the student should be able: • to apply and interpret methods of dimension reduction including principal component analysis; • to apply and interpret methods for cluster analysis; • to use R to perform data analysis tasks. 2. PROGRAM/ CONTENTS Data Mining: basic notions Data comprehension and setting Data Mining techniques Text Mining and Analytics Data interpretation and validation Weka Exercises 3. TEXT BOOKS Pang-Ning Tan; Michael Steinbach; Vipin Kumar; Anuj Karpatne, Introduction to Data Mining, Global Edition, Pearson (Intl), ISBN: 9780273769224, 0273769227, 2020 4. EDUCATIONAL METHOD AND TOOLS On line lessons, web seminars, forum, quiz. Tools: Weka, R
5. SELF-ASSESMENT PROCEDURES Students answer some questions about the course subjects orally. Eventually, they are also required to discuss their proposed resolution to the e-tivity proposed during the course. 6. EVALUATION METHODS (FINAL EXAM) On line test in Moodle environment . 7. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE The data mining skill are strongly required by all the organizations that are able to capture and have necessity to use a huge amount of data. The data need to be opportunely filtered and analyzed on the base of the organization goals.
COURSE: Sociology of innovation and international trade (SPS/09 – CFU: 12) TEACHER: Manuel Anselmi (manuel.anselmi@unitelmasapienza.it); Francesca Romana Lenzi (francescaromana.l@unitelmasapienza.it) TUTOR: Annunziata Alfano (annunziata.alfano@unitelmasapienza.it) 1. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO BE ACHIEVED DURING THE COURSE 1. Knowledge and understanding: The course deals with the main themes of the relationship between innovation and society, providing a basic presentation of the main theories, problems and tools for understanding, from a sociological perspective, of the phenomena and processes of economic innovation. The basic social actors and dynamics of international trade, commercial policy, and factor movements are examined. Topics may include the relation between social actors in trade movements and economic growth, international financial institutions, international trade agreements and protectionism. 2. Knowledge and understanding skills applied: The student will be able to develop the reflection on innovations, on the social and institutional processes that determine them, in order to promote the ability to analyse how different factors such as relations between actors, capitalist systems and business models can affect development of innovation in companies. 3. Autonomy of judgment: At the end of the course the student will have the ability to evaluate the different models of economic innovation in a more interdisciplinary and critical way. The course aim at developing students’ capability to face the social aspects of the international trade, achieving experience and tools for an autonomous social consciousness 4. Communication skills: Students will acquire the typical technical language of the discipline to communicate clearly and unambiguously with specialists and non-specialist interlocutors. The students learn how to explain clearly the main topics of the course and to face problems related to the courses using the tools provided. 2. PROGRAM/ CONTENTS The aim of the course is to provide students with a not strictly economic or technical vision of innovation, but more focused on social, institutional and cultural factors that determine innovation processes, or prevent their realization, in different sectors and economic activities. In the first part will be presented the main sociological theories that have addressed the theme of innovation in economics, starting from classic authors such as Smith, Marx, Durkheim, Weber and Schumpeter up to the most contemporary theories on the models of capitalism and neo-institutionalism. The second part will deal with the most specific themes of innovation such as invention, creativity, national, regional and local innovation systems, high-tech districts, startups, innovation networks. 1. Introduction to International Trade (due to the class – read Chapter 1) 2. The Society and policies of Protectionism; The Uruguay Round, Outstanding Trade Problems, and the Doha Round; Economic Integration: Customs Unions and Free Trade Areas (due to the class – read Chapter 9.4, 9.7, 10) 3. The International Resource Movements and Multinational Corporations; Motives for and Welfare Effects of International Labor Migration (due to the students – read Chapter 12.1, 12.5, 12.6) 4. The International Monetary System: Past, Present, and Future (due to the students – read Chapter 21) 5. The European Union business environment: promoting business 6. The European Union business environment: regulating business 7. The European Union Business Environment: the Euro 8. Case study – Inditex-Zara – the disposable fashion 9. A business plan – what is it and how to do it
3. TEXT BOOKS Ramella F. (2016), Sociology of economic innovation, London, Routledge Dominick Salvatore, International Economics, Wiley, 2010, 11th edition ISBN: 9781118177938. 4. EDUCATIONAL METHOD AND TOOLS The course is based on video lessons related to the main topics and contents of the program, accessible through the e-learning platform of the university. These tools combine the individual study through the exam text reported in the program and the supplementary ones, suggested at the end of some video lessons, the teacher’s assistance through chat, forum and e-mail. Video-Lectures, assignments, webinars. 5. SELF-ASSESMENT PROCEDURES Questions at the end of each lecture will be provided. 6. EVALUATION METHODS (FINAL EXAM) The evaluation of learning will be done through a written exam. A written business plan A case study presentation. 7. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE The course provides the sociological knowledge useful to develop managerial and entrepreneurial skills in private organizations and public administrations. The contents of the course can be applied in roles where it is necessary to know markets, different business models, and types of innovation in various areas of economic production. All the international trade contexts and European business.
COURSE: Innovation in Emerging Countries (SECS-P/01 – CFU: 9) TEACHER: Azzurra Rinaldi (azzurra.rinaldi@unitelmasapienza.it) TUTOR: Stefania Manfrellotti (stefania.manfrellotti@unitelmasapienza.it) 1. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO BE ACHIEVED DURING THE COURSE At the end of the course, the student will be able to understand the innovation process in emerging countries and to assess its influence on their development. The knowledge of the development tools will allow the student to understand what development is and what are the causes of underdevelopment, understanding in which areas innovation can be used to facilitate this process. 2. PROGRAM/ CONTENTS 1. Defining development 2. Theories of development 3. Development indicators and international rankings 4. Special focus on the transforming economies 4. Development and innovation 5. Development programs in Asia and Africa 3. TEXT BOOKS A. Rinaldi, F. Sciarelli, “Development Management of Transforming Economies. Theories, Approaches and Models for Overall Development, Palgrave McMillan, 2018, 118€. Chapters: 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 4. EDUCATIONAL METHOD AND TOOLS The teaching support tools are represented by: 1. A knowledge assessment test 2. Webinars, held by both the teacher and the tutor 3. Slides 3. Forum 4. The recorded lessons 5. The e-tivities 5. SELF-ASSESMENT PROCEDURES The knowledge assessment test, that is a multiple choice test, represents a self-assessment tool that is useful to optimize the progress of understanding. The final exam is oral. 6. EVALUATION METHODS (FINAL EXAM) The professional skills acquired during the course can be applied to all jobs that require interpretative skills in the development process and in the evolution of the markets.
7. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE The student will be able to express personal opinions on the main problems of economic development and on the development process driven by innovation. These skills will allow her to apply for jobs in the areas of both international business and international cooperation. The knowledge of the impact of innovation on development in the emerging countries will allow the student to get closer to the issues which are typical of an advanced courses in Development Economics.
COURSE: Corporate and financial law (IUS/05– CFU: 9) TEACHER: Marco Sepe (marco.sepe@unitelmasapienza.it); Andrea Sacco Ginevri (andrea.saccoginevri@unitelmasapienza.it) TUTOR: Michele Sances (michele.sances@unitelmasapienza.it) 1. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO BE ACHIEVED DURING THE COURSE The primary objective of the course is to provide students with a basic knowledge of the main elements of corporate law and securities regulation, in order to introduce the matter and the major issues involved therein. The course will cover basic terminology and theoretical structure as well as practical implications. In particular, the course has the following specific objectives: to give students a knowledge and understanding of the main elements of corporate law, banking, insurance and securities regulation, also on an international basis; to give students an understanding of the corporate issues concerning Italian listed companies; to increase awareness and understanding of the main items regarding corporate governance, with specific regard to banks, insurance companies, financial intermediaries and listed companies; to understand the main items regarding governance, policies and transactions of Italian financial institutions; to learn and apply skills learned in the class to the current on-going significant transactions discussed during the classes. At the end of the course, students should have a general overview of the most controversial topics regarding corporate law and banking and finance, also having regard to scholars and practical cases. 2. PROGRAM/ CONTENTS The course intent is, more specifically, to describe the evolution process of laws and regulation in corporate law and banking and finance, highlighting the most controversial topics and identifying the ratio of the relevant provisions. Given the continuous evolution – legal, regulatory and on a case law basis – of the sources, special attention will be paid to the acquisition of specific and useful tools for monitoring the relevant updates of the legislative and regulatory framework. The main issues dealt during the course are the following: 1. Preliminary introduction on the applicable laws and regulations; 2. The Italian regime on the Financial Institutions; 3. A special focus on the Banks’ regulation; 4. A special focus on the Insurance companies’ regulation; 5. The role of the competent Supervisory Authorities (ECB; Bank of Italy; Consob; IVASS); 6. Regulated Markets and Trading Venues; 7. Preliminary thoughts on the Italian Listed companies; 8. Related parties’ transactions in Banks and Listed companies; 9. Initial Public Offers; 10. Public Tender Offers; 11. Corporate disclosure and Market Protection; 12. Market Abuse Regulation and Insider Trading; 13. Extraordinary Transactions; 14. Shareholders’ exit rights; 15. Golden powers’ regulation; 16. Corporate governance rules and best practices; 17. New forms of Market Investments (SPAC; Funds; Club deals, etc.); 18. Italian Corporate and Securities Law: trends and perspectives. 3. TEXT BOOKS F. Capriglione - R. Masera, Bank Corporate Governance: A New Paradigm, available at www.ssrn.com; M. Sepe, Regulated Markets, in Italian Banking and Financial Law: Intermediaries and Markets, curated by Siclari, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 117 – 196; M. Sepe, A crisis, public policies, banking governance, expectations and rule reforms: when will the horse go back to drink?, in Law and Economics Yearly Review, 2014, p. 210 -237.
4. EDUCATIONAL METHOD AND TOOLS Lectures, e-tivity, webinar, case studies, teaching materials. 5. SELF-ASSESMENT PROCEDURES Multiple choice or open answer quiz published on the teaching web page. 6. EVALUATION METHODS (FINAL EXAM) Oral exam. 7. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE Students will acquire a general knowledge in corporate and financial matters which is very appreciated in professional environments such as law firms, investment banks, listed companies, financial institutions, supervisory authorities and similar.
COURSE: Management of Innovation (SECS-P/08 – CFU: 12) TEACHER: Letizia Lo Presti (letizia.lopresti@unitelmasapienza.it) TUTOR: Generoso Branca (generoso.branca@unitelmasapienza.it) 1. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO BE ACHIEVED DURING THE COURSE The Course in Management of Innovation aims to train those who intend to undertake management and managerial careers, or aim to work as professionals and consultants, in the planning of process and product innovations in any type of company. During the course, students will have the opportunity to deepen the importance of managing innovation. Students will study how to adopt an innovation and how to manage it within the company, what are the processes of innovation and the forms of protection of intellectual property. Furthermore, the course focuses on the role of research and technology for the success of an innovation. The course illustrates how a new product develops and how to manage its growth process. Finally, the course illustrates business models that can help the company to describe and classify businesses and to explore possibilities for future development, especially in an entrepreneurial setting. The course aims to consolidate the following knowledge and skills: 1. Knowledge and understanding: knowledge about the nature and importance of innovation, as well as the strategies and practices that can be used to improve the benefits an organization can achieve through innovation. This knowledge will help the student to identify how to manage successful innovations and to understand the main problems related to their management. 2. Applying knowledge and understanding: theoretical knowledge and practical skills in decision-making and problem solving with reference to the processes of conception, development and implementation of innovation projects. 3. Making judgements: critical analysis capacity for decision making in relation to the traditional problems of innovation management but also to emerging topics that include open and social innovation and ecosystems. 4. Communication skills: students will acquire the usual technical language and the relational and communication skills necessary for managing relationships with key internal and external stakeholders. 5. Learning skills: students will acquire critical skills and the ability to use business models tools to apply the knowledge acquired during the course. 2. PROGRAM/ CONTENTS The course program is divided into the following parts: 1. Innovation management: definitions 2. Models of innovation 3. National systems of innovation 4. Entrepreneurship 5. Diffusion of innovation and market adoption 6. Organization and innovation 7. Operations management and process innovation 8. Managing intellectual property 9. Managing organizational knowledge 10. Strategic alliances 11. Management of R&D 12. Managing R&D projects 13. Open innovation and technology transfer 14. Business models 15. Product strategy
16. Brand strategy 17. New product development 18. New service innovation 19. Market research Managing the new product development process 3. TEXT BOOKS Paul Trott (2017). Innovation Management and New Product Development (6th Edition), Pearson 4. EDUCATIONAL METHOD AND TOOLS The course is based on video-lessons presenting the main topics of the program. There are also webinars with contents that illustrate case studies, and discussion forums that offer students the opportunity to interact with the teacher and with the tutor. 5. SELF-ASSESMENT PROCEDURES For each video lesson, there will be a self-assessment quiz to help the student to check his/her progress in learning the subject. 6. EVALUATION METHODS (FINAL EXAM) During the examination, the assessment will be carried out through a written test consisting in the presentation of a project (task) on a case study that requires the application of knowledge acquired during the course, and an oral exam that includes open questions on the content of the program. 7. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE The knowledge acquired during the Management of Innovation course can be applied in all public/private, profit/non-profit companies. Business models can help students to apply the acquired knowledge and to develop managerial and entrepreneurial skills.
COURSE: Enviromental economics and circular bioeconomy (SECS-P/08 – CFU: 12) TEACHER: Enrica Imbert (enrica.imbert@unitelmasapienza.it); Fedra Francocci (fedra.francocci@unitelmasapienza.it) TUTOR: Stefania Manfrellotti (stefania.manfrellotti@unitelmasapienza.it) 1. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO BE ACHIEVED DURING THE COURSE Students of this course will be introduced to the main global environmental issues, that will be analyzed through economic theory. By the end of this course students will be expected to have gained basic knowledge of environmental economics and, thanks to the analysis of on-going theoretical development in this field, will be able to better understand complex environmental issues and new economic strategies that can help us overcome such challenges. The course also introduces concepts and issues related to the circular economy and the bioeconomy, nowadays fundamental to a course in environmental economics. This will provide the methodological and conceptual framework for further investigations related to economic-environmental issues. 2. PROGRAM/ CONTENTS The course provides an economic analysis of environmental problems related to the use of raw materials and energy and to polluting emissions and waste, with the ultimate aim of highlighting the main processes associated with sustainable development and activities leading to global economic recovery. The sustainable management of natural resources, ecosystems and biodiversity associated with the circular economy model will be widely covered within the course. Indeed, the circular economy is recognized as one of the most promising drivers influencing the new strategies for economic growth and the new Circular Economy Package adopted recently by the European Commission, aims to generate economic opportunities (cost reduction, innovation) and environmental benefits at the same time. In particular, the development of a bioeconomy, that is an economy in which the production processes utilize renewable biological resources from land and sea to produce food, materials and energy through frequently innovative and increasingly efficient technologies, represents a relevant theme for investigation. Accordingly, current studies on the circular economy will be presented with particular attention being paid to the potential benefits offered by a circular bioeconomy. Overall, the course will focus on the following topics: externalities and environmental problems; economic incentive instruments; the transition from depletable to renewable resources; new bio-based value chains; exploitation and replicability of business models. 3. TEXT BOOKS Turner, R. K., Pearce, D., & Bateman, I. (1994). Environmental economics: an elementary introduction. Harvester Wheatsheaf (EUR 24,10) Articles, essays and reports concerned with the above topics will be provided.
4. EDUCATIONAL METHOD AND TOOLS The course is made up of two main modules. The first provides a general overview of environmental economics by illustrating key concepts of the environment-economy framework.The second deals with the most relevant opportunities for economic growth and will explore in particular the role of bioeconomy in the new circular economy scenario. The course is organized as a combination of lectures, reading and writing of exam essays and group discussions. The course material will be provided in English, and you will be required to submit the assigned works and the final examination in English. 5. SELF-ASSESMENT PROCEDURES Students will be provided with a test quiz to test their knowledge before the exam. 6. EVALUATION METHODS (FINAL EXAM) The exam evaluation will be carried out by means of an oral examination. An adequate knowledge of the topics included in the self-assessment test is a valid basis for evaluating your preparation. Participation in the interactive activities (possible reading and writing of essays, group discussions and webinars) will be taken into consideration during the exam session. 7. AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE By the end of this course students will be expected to have gained the following skills: • Conduct research on specific topics covered on the course by literature reviews • Identifying, collecting, analyzing, and using environmental and economic information; • Analyze environment and economic trends and cycles; • Hypothesize how the environmental event or trend may cause an economic outcome and what impact there will be; • Provide reports to external stakeholders (both at industry and policy level).
COURSE: Economic, Ecological and Ethical Challenges for Making Transitions to Equitable and Sustainable Societies (SECS-P/02 – CFU: 12) TEACHER: Donald Huisingh (donald.huisingh@unitelmasapienza.it) TUTOR: Stefania Manfrellotti (stefania.manfrellotti@unitelmasapienza.it) Syllabus to be published soon
INSEGNAMENTO: Demografia (SECS-S/04 – CFU: 6) DOCENTE: Aurelio Pane (aurelio.pane@unitelmasapienza.it) TUTOR: Carlo Cavicchia (carlo.cavicchia@unitelmasapienza.it) 1. CONOSCENZE E COMPETENZE DA ACQUISIRE Il corso si propone di collocare sul piano metodologico ed interpretativo i molteplici aspetti del sistema sociale al fine di costituire un sincronismo con il sistema pubblico e privato delle attività produttive. Il tutto in una prospettiva di tipo interdisciplinare richiesta dalla complessità delle interrelazioni tra fattori demografici, sociali, economici e territoriali che definiscono il nuovo modello della domanda e dell'offerta del sistema globalizzato. Le competenze da conseguire sono la validità operativa sia nel pubblico che nel privato nelle sue varie manifestazioni individuali e di gruppo. 2. PROGRAMMA / CONTENUTI 1. Cap. 1.- Fenomeni sociali e demografia, un legame stretto: A) Individui e popolazione; B). Processi di coesione, selezione, interazione. 2. Cap. 2.- Fattori strutturali della popolazione: A) Età e indici di struttura; B) Sesso e asimmetria di genere. 3. Cap. 3.- Strumenti per l’analisi dei fenomeni demografici: A) Tassi generici e tassi specifici, probabilità, diagramma di Lexis; B) Coorti e generazioni. Analisi per generazioni e analisi per contemporanei; C) Modello della transizione demografica; D) La tavola di mortalità: concetti e funzioni biometriche. 1) Concetti, 2) La probabilità di morte, 3) Gli altri elementi di una tavola di mortalità, 4) Relazione tra quoziente e probabilità di morte, 5) Confronto tra tavola di mortalità ridotta e tavola di mortalità completa; E) Studi empirici. 4. Cap. 4.- Il lavoro: A) Censimento della popolazione; B) Classificazione delle professioni; C) Indagine campionaria ISTAT sulle Forze lavoro; D) Indicatori statistici; E) Glossario ISTAT; F) Il sistema di controllo; G) Studi empirici. 5. Cap. 5.- Povertà ed esclusione sociale: A) Le dimensioni della povertà; B) Metodologia e indici unidimensionali e multidimensionali della povertà; C) Studi empirici. 6. Cap. 6.- Bilancio demografico e previsioni: A) Bilancio demografico; B) Previsioni demografiche; C) Glossario. 7. Cap. 7.- I fattori dell’invecchiamento e le sue conseguenze economico-sociali: A) L’invecchiamento della popolazione; B) I fattori dell’invecchiamento; C) Allungamento della vita ed asimmetria di genere; D) Le conseguenze dell’invecchiamento. Gli argomenti di cui sopra sono stati interamente trattati nel corso di Demografia con video-lezioni acquisibili sulla piattaforma e-learning dell’università. 3. TESTI DI STUDIO TESTI CONSIGLIATI: -LIVI BACCI M. , “Introduzione alla Demografia” Loescher Editore,Torino,1999. -DE ROSE A.-ROSINA A. , “Demografia” EGEA,Milano,2014. - TERRA ABRAMI V . , “ Le previsioni demografiche” , il Mulino , Bologna 1998. -BLANCIARDO G. “Elementi dì Demografia” il Mulino,Bologna, 2006. Testi di approfondimento di specifiche realtà demografica in Italia -PANE A. -AMITRANO E. , “Metodologie di analisi delle tavole di mortalità ridotte”, Dipartimento di Matematica Statistica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Rocco Curto editore, Napoli, 1996. -PANE A. , “Previsioni demografiche per la Campania”, Liguori editore, Napoli, 1983. -(A cura di) PANE A. , “L’interruzione volontaria della gravidanza nella città di Napoli”, un’indagine mediante questionario, Liguori editore, Napoli, 1988. -(A cura di) STROZZA S. -PANE A. , “Immigrati in Campania: una difficile integrazione tra
clandestinità e precarietà diffusa” , l’Harmattan Italia “ collane logiche sociali” Torino, 2000. Fonti statistiche - ISTAT , Istituto Centrale di Statistica , “ Annuario Statistico Italiano , Roma” . - ISTAT , Istituto Centrale di Statistica , “ Noi Italia” , Roma . - www.istat.it/it/archivio/demografia (Documenti con tag: Demografia. Atlante statistico dei comuni. On line la quarta edizione del database dei dati comunali. Periodo di riferimento: Edizione 2019). - demo.istat.it (Sito ufficiale dell'Istituto Nazionale di Statistica - ISTAT per la diffusione di statistiche demografiche e delle indagini Posas, P2, P3, D7B). - ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography. 4. METODO, STRATEGIE E STRUMENTI DIDATTICI Il corso è incardinato sulle 13 video-lezioni che vanno dalla metodologia di formazione delle statistiche ai processi di misurazione dei fenomeni demografici in linea con l’evoluzione dei modelli organizzativi delle collettività moderne. A questi elementi si affiancano tre diversi strumenti di contatto diretto con gli studenti rappresentati dall'uso della e-mail per approfondimenti personalizzati, da WhatsApp per informazioni didattiche e da Skype per colloqui a distanza utili per un confronto anche di tipo valutativo. 5. PROVE DI VERIFICA DELLE CONOSCENZE ACQUISITE E/O AUTOVALUTAZIONE Costruzione di una batteria di indicatori demografici (10 in totale). Tecniche di autovalutazione (almeno alcune). 6. MODALITÀ DI VALUTAZIONE FINALE DELL’APPRENDIMENTO La capacità di apprendimento dei corsisti sarà agevolata dall'utilizzo degli strumenti didattici descritti nel riquadro precedente. Attraverso i colloqui individuali si procederà alla valutazione in particolare della capacità dei singoli di individuare gli strumenti idonei all'aggiornamento delle metodologie opportune ed alla loro applicazione a problemi specifici. Saranno predisposti tests relativi ad argomenti interdisciplinari al fine di verificare la capacità di proporsi come manager del settore. 7. MODALITÀ E CONTESTI DI APPLICAZIONE PROFESSIONALE DELLE CONOSCENZE ACQUISITE Il settore di riferimento è la ricerca demografica. La conoscenza si concretizza nel fornire basi di apprendimento delle scelte politiche sociali ed economiche formulate per la gestione di una collettività. 8. NOTE (EVENTUALI) Considerare lo studente parte integrante degli argomenti oggetto delle lezioni stimolandolo a riflettere sugli studi empirici proposti ed elaborati con la necessaria metodologia statistica.
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